Recommendation R-62/2015-KPR “Reflection of facts of economic life based on primary accounting documents received in the next reporting period”

What is an account

Every commercial company is created for the purpose of making a profit.
At the same time, she makes various transactions every day, the accounting of which is very easy to get confused without a clearly organized accounting structure. Moreover, according to Art. 2 of the Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ, all legal entities are required to maintain accounting records. It is organized through continuous documentation of each business transaction and carries several functions:

• informational;
• control;
• feedback;
• analytical.

Find out who is responsible for organizing accounting here.

Accounting provides information about the financial and economic state of affairs to both internal (managers, management, founders, etc.) and external users (controlling, fiscal and other government agencies).

One of the accounting methods is double entry using accounts approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n (for commercial structures).

You can familiarize yourself with the chart of accounts in this article.

Double entry is an accounting entry that reflects a business transaction using 2 offsetting accounts. Each account has a specific number, structure and characteristics. In this case, the same amount is recorded in both accounts.

Example 1

Consider the operation “Cash in the amount of 20,000 rubles. handed over from the cash desk to the bank.”

Based on its economic meaning, we select the appropriate corresponding accounts: 50 “Cash”, 51 “Settlement accounts”.

Funds are sent from the credit of account 50 to the debit of account 51. This operation is recorded by a cash receipt order, a bank statement, the counterfoil of an advertisement for cash deposits and the entry: Dt 51 Kt 50 - in the amount of 20,000 rubles.

This means that the balance at the bank servicing the enterprise increased, but at the cash desk decreased by the same amount (RUB 20,000).

To use accounts correctly, you must not only choose them correctly, but also know what type they are.

Accounts can be active, passive and active-passive.

Active accounts reflect the assets (property, debts, etc.) of the enterprise and have only a debit (positive) balance. An increase in assets is recorded as a debit to the corresponding account, a write-off is recorded as a credit.

The main active accounts are presented in the table:

Liability accounts indicate the sources of the company's assets and have only a credit balance. These include, in particular:

Active-passive accounts include accounts that have both a debit and a credit balance. For example, if account 60 “Settlements with suppliers” has a credit balance, it means that the company owes the counterparty for supplies or services supplied. If we paid an advance to the supplier, it means that the counterparty already owes our company. This transaction has a debit balance.

On account 62, an unpaid receivable may arise, which in some cases is considered doubtful, because may not be paid by the buyer. In order to correctly reflect such debt on the balance sheet, each organization is required to create a reserve for doubtful debts.

Find out how to correctly record entries for doubtful debts in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution by getting trial access to the system for free.

Accounts also have analytics for subaccounts. For example, for account 10 these will be accounts 10.1 “Raw materials”, 10.2 “Purchased semi-finished products”, 10.3 “Fuel”, etc.

Four types of balance changes.

Business transactions that take place in the course of the enterprise's activities have an impact on the balance sheet.
This occurs due to the fact that every transaction is reflected in two accounts, that is, it affects two balance sheet items, which can be in both assets and liabilities, or both at the same time - in assets and both at the same time - in liabilities.

From this point of view, all changes in the balance sheet can be divided into four types.

1) Business transactions of the first type (active changes in the balance sheet) are characterized by the fact that when they are carried out, a regrouping of the economic assets of the enterprise occurs, reflected in the asset, while the liability is not affected.

Mathematically, the impact on the balance of business transactions of the first type can be expressed by the following formula:

A + X – X = P,

where: X is the amount of turnover in rubles for a business transaction.

An example of business transactions of the first type is:

● withdrawal of funds from a bank account to the cash desk (D50 K51);

● receipt of cash from the organization's cash desk to a bank account (D51 K50);

● release of materials from warehouse to production (D20 K10);

● receipt of finished products to the warehouse from production (D43 K 20).

When these business transactions are carried out, active accounts are involved in the accounting entries: some accounts increase and others decrease, that is, a regrouping of items occurs and a change in the composition of the enterprise's assets, but the total of the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet does not change.

2) Business transactions of the second type (passive changes in the balance sheet) affect only the liability items of the balance sheet, as a result of which, within this part of the balance sheet, a regrouping of sources of funds occurs, while the asset is not affected.

The impact on the balance sheet of business transactions of this type can be described by the following formula:

A = P + X – X.

An example of business transactions of the second type is:

● withholding personal income tax (NDFL) from personnel wages (D70 K 68-NDFL);

● withholding income tax from the organization’s profit (D99 K68-NP);

● formation of reserve capital from net profit (D84 K82);

When performing these operations, passive accounts are involved: some accounts increase, while others decrease, i.e. there is a regrouping of the sources of formation of the enterprise's economic resources, but the total of the liability balance sheet and the balance sheet itself does not change.

3) Business transactions of the third type (active - passive changes in the balance sheet with an increase in totals) lead to an increase in funds in the Assets of the balance sheet with a simultaneous increase in their sources in the Liabilities by the same amount.

When performing these operations, the balance sheet currency increases for Assets and Liabilities by the same amount.

The impact on the balance sheet of business transactions of the third type can be expressed by the following formula:

A + X = P + X

Examples of business transactions of the third type could be:

● obtaining loans from banks for foreign currency or current accounts (D52.51 K66.67);

● payroll for employees of the enterprise (D20,25,26 K70);

● calculation of contributions to state social extra-budgetary funds (D20,25,26 K69).

When these business transactions are carried out, active and passive accounts are involved in the accounting entries, and both of them increase.

In the course of these business operations, the composition of the enterprise's assets and the sources of their formation are modified with an increase in the total of the Asset and Liability balance sheet.

4) Business transactions of the fourth type (active - passive changes in the balance sheet with a decrease in totals) lead to a decrease in funds in the Assets of the balance sheet with a simultaneous decrease in their sources in its Liabilities.

When performing these operations, the balance sheet currency decreases for the Asset and for the Liability by the same amount.

The impact on the balance sheet of business transactions of the fourth type can be expressed by the following formula:

A – X = P – X

Examples of such operations could be:

● return of bank loans from current or foreign currency accounts (D66.67 K51.52);

● payment of wages to employees of the organization (D70 K50);

● payment of the supplier's invoice for the provided values ​​and services (D60 K51).

When these business transactions are carried out, active and passive accounts are involved in the accounting entries, and both are reduced.

In the course of business transactions of this type, the composition of the enterprise's assets and the sources of their formation are modified, with the total of the Asset and Liability balance sheet decreasing by the same amount.

The following four types of transactions allow you to trace all options for changes in the balance sheet:

The first type is changes in asset items while the balance sheet remains unchanged.

The second type is changes in liability items while the balance sheet remains unchanged.

The third type is changes in asset and liability items towards an increase.

The fourth type is changes in asset and liability items downward.

Four types of business transactions and their impact on the balance sheet are presented in the table

The equality of the totals of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet is maintained after any business transaction.

The main thing in these conclusions is the proof of the duality of changes occurring in the balance sheet under the influence of any business transaction, which is of utmost importance for a reasonable procedure for reflecting business transactions in accounting.

Current accounting of property and business processes is practically impossible to carry out by drawing up new balance sheets after each business transaction. For this purpose, accounting accounts are used, which display information about transactions.

Lecture 8. Classification of balance sheets

Classification of balance sheets

Classification of balance sheets is carried out on the following main grounds:

1) By structure;

2) By the presence of regulations;

3) By the method of evaluating articles;

4) According to the intended purpose.

According to the balance sheet structure.

According to its structure, i.e. According to the order of arrangement of articles and presentation of information, balances are divided into horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal balance sheets are typical for the continental school of accounting; they are compiled in Western European countries and the Russian Federation.

In horizontal balance sheets, the Asset is located on the same level as the Liability, i.e. (horizontally), as shown below:

The horizontal balance equation is as follows:

Active = Liability

Vertical balance is characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon school of accounting.

It consists of countries that were once part of Great Britain, namely the USA, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, India, Canada.

The vertical balance equation is as follows:

Asset – Borrowed funds = Own funds.

In a vertical balance sheet, Liability is located below Asset:

The vertical balance sheet in its final line provides users with very important information about the amount of the enterprise’s own funds, therefore, for investors - individuals, such reporting will be more understandable.

Since in countries that use a vertical balance sheet, and, above all, in the USA and Great Britain, there are a significant number of individual investors on the stock market, this type of balance sheet is the most acceptable for them.

In countries that use horizontal balance, large capital represented by open joint stock companies, banks, stock exchanges, and insurance companies is more present in the stock market.

Specialists of such organizations are well versed in accounting statements, including balance sheets, so the horizontal balance sheet is clear to them and quite satisfactory to them.

Table of transactions for business transactions in accounting

There are a great variety of wiring. In this case, a business transaction can be reflected in 1 entry (simple entries) or several (complex entries).

For example, goods were received with VAT in the amount of 50,000 rubles. This fact must be reflected in 2 entries:

• goods and materials arrived at the warehouse: Dt 41 Kt 60 - 41,666.67 rubles;
• Input VAT is allocated: Dt 19 Kt 60 - RUB 8,333.33.

Find typical accounting entries for VAT accounting here.

Let's look at the basic entries in accounting.

Accounting for fixed assets and intangible assets:

ATTENTION! From 2022, the new FSB 6/2020 “Fixed Assets” and FSB 26/2020 “Capital Investments” are mandatory. The provisions of these standards can be applied earlier by prescribing such a decision in the accounting policies of the enterprise.

ConsultantPlus experts explained step by step how to disclose information in reporting when applying FAS 6/2020 “Fixed Assets” and FAS 26/2020 “Capital Investments”. Get free demo access to K+ and go to the ready-made solution to find out all the details of this procedure.

Read more about fixed asset accounting in the article “Accounting for fixed assets - accounting entries” .

Inventory accounting:

For detailed entries for materials accounting, see the article “Accounting entries for materials accounting .

Cost accounting:

Examples of cost accounting entries can be found in this article.

Accounting for goods and finished products:

The algorithm for accounting for goods is reflected in the article “Postings Dt 41 and Kt 41, 60 (nuances)” .

Cash accounting (hereinafter referred to as DS):

More detailed information can be found in the section “Bank, cash desk” .

Accounting for settlements:

For the procedure for accounting for mutual settlements with suppliers and customers, see the articles:

• “Account 60 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “Account 62 in accounting (nuances)”;
• “Keeping records of accounts receivable and payable.”

Capital Accounting:

For the main entries for capital accounting, see the article “Procedure for accounting for an organization’s own capital (nuances)” .

Financial results:

We talked about the entries for accounting for retained earnings on account 84 here.

Examples of accounting entries for analyzing changes in the balance sheet under the influence of business transactions

Let's look at examples of basic accounting entries using the example of Alliance LLC.

Example 2

In June Gordienko A.V. decided to create a company for the production of custom-made furniture. He had his own savings of 100,000 rubles. and a machine worth 55,000 rubles. This property was contributed by him as a contribution to the authorized capital.

The very first entry in any company is the reflection of the authorized capital. Selecting the corresponding accounts:

• 75 “Settlements with founders”;
• 80 “Authorized capital”.

According to the constituent documents, Gordienko A.V. must contribute 155,000 rubles to Alliance LLC. We record this fact by writing: Dt 75 Kt 80 - 155,000 rubles.

Of these, 100,000 rubles. were deposited into a bank account. Current accounts are account 51. We send funds from Gordienko A.V. to the company's account with the following posting: Dt 51 Kt 75 - 100,000 rubles.

According to clause 5 of FSBU 6/2020, property worth no more than the limit approved by the enterprise can be taken into account as part of inventories. If an asset is valued at a higher cost, it is classified as depreciable property. Thus, we record the receipt of fixed assets as a contribution to the management company with the entry: Dt 08 Kt 75 - 55,000 rubles.

If a company applies PBU 18/02, it is obliged to reflect temporary differences between accounting and tax accounting (BU and NU), since in tax accounting assets with a cost of 100,000 rubles are included in fixed assets. and more. What transactions should be used to display temporary differences between BU and NU? The answers to these and other questions are in the ConsultantPlus ready-made solution; get trial access to the system for free.

We put the OS object into operation by wiring: Dt 01 Kt 08 - 55,000 rubles.

At the end of the month, it will be necessary to calculate depreciation according to the method prescribed in the accounting policy. Since the machine is directly involved in production, we select account 20 to account for depreciation costs.

According to the accounting policy, the company uses the straight-line method of calculating depreciation. The useful life of the machine is 60 months (55,000 rubles divided by 60 months and we get 900 rubles of depreciation per month).

For examples of calculating depreciation using the FIFO and LIFO methods, see the article “Example of calculation using the FIFO and LIFO methods in accounting.”

This fact is reflected by the entry: Dt 20 Kt 02 - 900 rub.

Cash in the amount of 70,000 rubles. were used to purchase materials.

Let's make the wiring:

• Dt 60 Kt 51 - 70,000 rub. (materials paid to the supplier, primary document - bank statement);
• Dt 10 Kt 60 - 58,333.33 rub. (materials received, primary material - TORG-12, invoice);
• Dt 19 Kt 60 - 11,666.67 rub. (input VAT included).

The company submitted input VAT for deduction, reflecting it in the purchase book and recording it with the following posting: Dt 68 (VAT subaccount) Kt 19 - 11,666.67 rubles.

During the month, the company produced 2 orders:

• wardrobe with a cost of 25,000 rubles. (including materials for 15,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions);
• kitchen set costing 45,000 rubles. (including materials for 35,000 rubles and payroll 10,000 rubles, including contributions).

Thus, materials in the amount of 50,000 rubles. (15,000 + 35,000) were written off for production.

The cabinet was sold for 42,000 rubles, and the kitchen set for 70,000 rubles. Payment for the cabinet was received in the amount of 20,000 rubles. The balance is 22,000 rubles. The buyer, according to the agreement, will transfer until July 10. Payment for the kitchen has been received in full.

On June 15, the bank received DS in the amount of 15,000 rubles: Dt 50 Kt 51 - 15,000 rubles.

Of this, an advance was paid to employees in the amount of 12,000 rubles: Dt 70 Kt 50 - 12,000 rubles.

An accountant works at Alliance LLC. On June 30, he received a salary of 5,000 rubles, and contributions from the payroll amounted to 1,500 rubles:

• Dt 26 Kt 70 - 5,000 rub.;
• Dt 26 Kt 69 — 1,500 rub.

On the same day, contributions were transferred from the salaries of all employees: Dt 69 Kt 51 - 6,100 rubles. (4,600 + 1,500).

Since the employer is a tax agent, he is obliged to withhold and transfer personal income tax from the income of employees. For residents it is 13%. That is, for June, Alliance LLC needs to transfer 2,600 rubles to the budget. (20,400 × 13%).

These operations are recorded by postings:

• Dt 70 Kt 68 (personal income tax subaccount) - tax accrued;
• Dt 68 Kt 51 - tax transfer.

On the last day of the month, it is necessary to close cost accounts to identify financial results. During the month, all general production and general business expenses are collected in Dt account 25 (26).

At the end of the month, the balance is distributed among the products produced and is recorded as follows: Dt 20 Kt 26 - 6,500 rubles.

The balance of account 20 is closed to the debit of account 90 in the absence of work in progress: Dt 90.2 Kt 20 - 7,400 rubles.

To compile a summary SALT, and then prepare to submit the balance, let’s consider the turnover for each account involved.

Thus, in June Alliance LLC earned 15,933.33 rubles.

Consolidated SALT for June Alliance LLC

The article “Accounting and analysis of financial results” will help to analyze the company’s performance in more detail and determine the impact of business transactions on the balance sheet.

Types of balance sheet changes

Every day, organizations carry out many business transactions that affect the amount of economic assets and the sources of their formation. Since the balance reflects the state of funds, each operation causes it to change.

Depending on the impact on the balance sheet, all business transactions are usually divided into four types:

1) change in balance sheet asset items;

2) changes in balance sheet liability items;

3) change in the asset and liability items of the balance sheet upward;

4) change in the asset and liability items of the balance sheet downwards.

Operations in which the balance sheet currency does not change are called permutations, and those in which it increases or decreases are called modifications. Permutations are divided into active and passive, modifications into positive and negative.

The first type of business transactions causes changes only in the balance sheet asset: one item in the asset increases, and the other decreases by the same amount.

Thus, business transactions of the first type cause a change only in the balance sheet asset; the total balance sheet (currency) does not change.

The first type of balance sheet changes can be written as:

A + X - X = P,

where A is an asset;

P - passive;

X - change in funds under the influence of business transactions.

This type includes transactions for the receipt of funds to the current account from the organization's cash desk or from debtors, the issuance of money from the cash register to accountable persons, the return of unspent amounts by an accountable person to the cash desk, the release of materials from the warehouse to production, the receipt of finished products from production to the warehouse and etc.

The second type of business transactions causes changes only in the liability side of the balance sheet: one of its items increases and the other decreases by the same amount.

Thus, business transactions of the second type lead to changes only in the liabilities side of the balance sheet. The overall balance sheet remains unchanged.

The second type of balance sheet changes can be written as:

A = P + X - X.

This type includes operations to repay debt to a supplier using a bank loan, withholding taxes on income from the wages of workers and employees, using profits to create special-purpose funds, etc.

The third type of business transactions causes changes in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet simultaneously upward by the same amount. They cause an increase in the item in both the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet, the totals of assets and liabilities increase, but equality between them remains. There is an increase in economic resources and their sources.

This type of balance sheet change is reflected by the equation:

A + X = P + X.

This type includes business transactions related to the receipt of fixed assets, the calculation of wages to workers and employees for the manufacture of products, the receipt of materials from suppliers, etc.

The fourth type of business transactions causes changes in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet simultaneously towards a decrease. All transactions of this type cause a decrease in both the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. The total assets and liabilities of the balance sheet are reduced by an equal amount. Equality between them remains.

This type of balance sheet change can be reflected by the equation:

A - X = P - X.

Balance is essential to the leadership and management of an organization. It reflects the state of funds in their generalized totality at a certain point in time, reveals the structure of funds and their sources in the context of types and groups, the proportion of each group, the relationship and interdependence between them. Balance sheet data is used to determine the most important indicators characterizing the organization’s activities and its financial condition. According to the balance sheet, shortcomings in work and financial condition, as well as their causes, are identified. Using balance, you can develop measures to eliminate them.

Balance sheet data makes it possible to monitor the correct use of funds for the intended purpose.

Thanks to its concise and compact form, the balance sheet is a very convenient document. It gives a complete and complete picture not only of the property status of the organization as of a certain date, but also of the changes that have occurred over a given period of time. The latter is achieved by comparing balance sheets for a number of reporting periods.

Results

The main purpose of accounting is to inform all interested users about the state of affairs in the company. In order to generate reliable and complete information, continuous accounting of transactions using the double entry method is used.

To record a business transaction, you must select current accounts from the working chart of accounts approved in the company's accounting policy.
Possible correspondence of accounts are also given in order No. 94n. You can find more complete information on the topic in ConsultantPlus. Free trial access to the system for 2 days.