PBU 18/02. How to work under the new rules from 2022

How to work according to the new rules of PBU 18/02 from 2022? In what ways can current income taxes be taken into account? What will change when switching to the balance sheet method? How to calculate temporary differences when comparing the book and tax values ​​of assets and liabilities, as well as for transactions that do not affect accounting profit, but affect future income taxes? In this article you will find all the answers.

The new edition of PBU 18/02 must be applied starting with reporting for 2020. That is, before it occurs, it is necessary to make changes to the accounting policy and decide on the rules for accounting for income tax calculations. In addition to Order of the Ministry of Finance dated November 19, 2002 No. 114n and IAS 12 “Income Taxes”, you can use the following explanations for your work:

• Information letter of the Ministry of Finance dated December 28, 2018 No. IS-accounting-13;
• recommendations of the NRBU “BMC” Foundation dated April 26, 2019 No. R-102/2019-KpR.

New names PNO and PNA

There are permanent differences. They arise if income or expenses form accounting profit, but are not taken into account when calculating income taxes, either now or in the future. Or vice versa: they are reflected only in tax accounting. Now, on the basis of permanent differences, we form permanent tax liabilities and permanent tax assets (PNO and PNA). Since the new year, they are called differently - permanent tax expenses and permanent tax revenues (PNR and PND).

Debit 99 Credit 68

• fixed tax expense is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 99

• constant tax income is reflected.

The new names better reflect the essence of the indicators. For example, PNR reduces net profit, so it is reflected in the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses”. IPA increases profit, so it is reflected in the credit of account 99.

Temporary differences

The Ministry of Finance approved a new procedure for calculating temporary differences - balance sheet. Temporary differences are calculated by comparing the value of an asset or liability, which does not coincide in accounting and tax accounting (clause 8 of PBU 18/02 as amended from 2022). This is the only way to calculate temporary differences in the new edition of PBU 18/02. From January 1, 2022, absolutely all organizations must apply it.

To calculate temporary differences, the accountant must prepare a table of assets and liabilities. It must be done on the reporting date, for example, December 31. Do not include assets and liabilities in the table by object; it is enough to reflect aggregated indicators. For example, the line “Fixed assets” will reflect the cost minus accrued depreciation for all fixed assets.

There may be provisions for reduction in value for raw materials, goods and finished products. The value of these assets can be shown collapsed, that is, minus reserves, you can open and show the value of assets and the value of reserves separately. The same approach applies to accounts receivable: you can immediately reduce accounts receivable by the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts; you can consider these two values ​​separately. This will not affect the overall result.

Next, we look at similar data on the value of the same group of assets and liabilities in the tax accounting system. And, in addition to the assets and liabilities already reflected, we add to the table indicators from tax accounting that are not in accounting. For example, a loss carried forward to the future, a reserve for the repair of fixed assets, which is formed only in tax accounting. Their book value will be zero.

Next, calculate the total time difference. Use this algorithm.

1. Calculate the differences for each row of the table. If the book value of assets is greater than the tax value, then a taxable temporary difference arises, otherwise it is deductible. Regarding obligations, the opposite is true. If the book value of the liability is greater than the tax value, then a deductible temporary difference arises, otherwise it is taxable.
2. Add up all deductible differences across assets and liabilities and separately all taxable differences. So, on the slide table we calculated the sum for each column.
3. Subtract the smaller difference from the larger difference. The result will be one difference - the one that was greater: either deductible or taxable.

There may be exceptions if an organization, for example, operates and pays income tax in several regions at different income tax rates. Then consider time differences related to different regions separately.

When applying the balance sheet method, temporary differences include “unrealized” permanent differences. These are the differences that will become permanent in the next reporting period. For example:

• excess costs in work in progress, finished goods in warehouse or shipped goods;
• excess interest on borrowed funds in unfinished construction;
• R&D expenses with a coefficient of 1.5 in unfinished developments.

For example, work in progress includes an expense that is recognized only in accounting and is not taken into account for tax purposes. When the finished product is sold, this expense forms a permanent difference. However, until it “reaches” account 90 “Sales” or 91 “Other income and expenses,” we consider it as temporary. These differences will accumulate in the composition of assets - goods, finished products in the warehouse, work in progress, etc.

PBU 18/02: accounting for permanent differences

The concept of permanent differences

Before the changes were made, permanent differences were understood as income and expenses that form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period and are excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.
The changes made to paragraph 4 of PBU 18/02 expanded the concept of permanent differences. Constant differences also include income and expenses that are taken into account when determining the tax base for the profit tax of the reporting period, but are not recognized for accounting purposes as income and expenses of both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods.

Thus, five types of permanent differences can be distinguished.

Permanent differences of the first type are caused by the fact that expenses reflected in the accounting system are not taken into account for tax purposes:

PRI = BR > HP,

where PPI are permanent differences excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods; BR - accounting expenses that form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period; NR - tax expenses that form taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period.

Expenses that generate permanent differences in the form of an excess of accounting expenses over expenses recognized for tax purposes are classified as follows:

• expenses accepted for tax purposes within the limits of rules and regulations;
• expenses, the recognition of which for tax purposes is limited by certain conditions;
• expenses that are not accepted for tax purposes.

Permanent differences of the second type are caused by the fact that losses reflected in the accounting system are not taken into account for tax purposes:

PRII = BU > NU,

where PRII are permanent differences excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods; BR - accounting losses that form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period; LR - tax losses that form taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period.

Losses leading to the formation of such permanent differences include:

• losses on transactions of gratuitous transfer of property (goods, works, services), defined as the sum of the cost of property (goods, works, services) and expenses associated with this transfer;
• losses incurred while carrying out activities within the framework of a simple partnership agreement;
• losses on transactions of assignment of the right of claim in excess of the interest amounts that the taxpayer-seller of the goods would have paid on the debt obligation, calculated in accordance with Article 269 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
• losses carried forward that cannot be accepted for tax purposes both in the reporting period and in subsequent reporting periods.

Permanent differences of the third type are formed when income reflected in the accounting system is not recognized for tax purposes:

PRIII = DB > ND,

where PRIII are permanent differences excluded from the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods; BD - accounting income that forms the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period; ND - tax revenues that form taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period.

This type of income includes, for example, income in the form of a positive difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments - for financial investments for which the current market value can be determined (such an adjustment is made in accordance with clause 20 PBU 19/02 “Accounting for financial investments.” According to subparagraph 24, paragraph 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, such income is not taken into account when determining the tax base for corporate income tax).

Income reflected in the accounting system, but not taken into account when determining the tax base for corporate income tax, are, for example, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation:

• income from the gratuitous receipt of property by a Russian organization from another organization, if the authorized (joint) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of the transferring organization;
• income from the gratuitous receipt of property by a Russian organization from another organization, if the authorized (joint) capital (fund) of the transferring party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of the receiving organization;
• income from the gratuitous receipt of property by a Russian organization from an individual of the organization, if the authorized (joint) capital (fund) of the receiving party consists of more than 50% of the contribution (share) of this individual.

Property received free of charge is not recognized as income for tax purposes only if, within one year from the date of its receipt, the specified property (except for funds) is not transferred to third parties (subclause 11, clause 1, article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

New types of permanent differences

The changes made to paragraph 4 of PBU 18/02 led to the appearance of permanent differences of the fourth and fifth types.

Permanent differences of the fourth type are formed when income not reflected in the accounting system is recognized for tax purposes:

PRIV = ND > DB,

where PRIV are permanent differences included in the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods; ND - tax revenues that form taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period.

BD - income that does not form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period.

Such income includes:

• income from transactions for the sale of goods (works, services) at a price below the market price, which is determined according to the rules established by Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation;
• income from receiving property (work, services) free of charge;
• income from receiving property for free use;
• income from the sale of securities.

Let's consider specific situations that lead to the formation of permanent differences of the fourth type.

Income in the form of gratuitously received property (work, services)

Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes that depreciable property received free of charge (subject to its recognition as income for tax purposes, if the conditions of paragraph 1 of Article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are not met) are assessed based on market prices, but not lower than the residual value determined in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The assessment of income from property received free of charge and other property (work performed, services provided) is also carried out based on market prices, but not lower than production (purchase) costs.

The procedure for determining market prices is established by Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which the market price of a product (work, service) is recognized as the price established by the interaction of supply and demand on the market of identical (and in their absence, homogeneous) goods (work, services) in comparable economic (commercial) conditions. Information on market prices must be confirmed by the taxpayer - the recipient of the property (work, services) documented or through an independent assessment.

The norms of tax legislation have determined that if the market value of property (work, services) exceeds the residual value (for depreciable property) and the costs of production or acquisition (for work, services), then non-operating income includes the cost of property (work, services) at market prices. prices. If the documented market value is set at a level below the residual value or production (acquisition) costs, then the residual value (production, acquisition costs) must be taken into account.

The accounting rules do not contain requirements for the need to compare the market value of gratuitously received property with the residual value or production (acquisition) costs. Thus, clause 10.3 of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” establishes that assets received free of charge are accepted for accounting at market value. The market value of assets received free of charge is determined by the organization on the basis of prices in force on the date of their acceptance for accounting for this or a similar type of asset. Data on prices valid on the date of acceptance for accounting must be confirmed by documents or through an examination.

Moreover, in accounting, the value of property received free of charge is reflected as deferred income. The cost of gratuitously received property is included in other income of the current period of the organization in parts: for depreciable property - as depreciation is calculated, for other property - as it is transferred to production. In this regard, temporary differences are formed in relation to the value of property recognized for both taxation and accounting purposes.

Thus, the value of gratuitously received property, determined according to the rules of accounting and tax legislation, may vary (see Example 1).

Example 1

The organization received used equipment free of charge, which is confirmed by the acceptance certificate dated 06/01/2008. According to the documents of the transferring party, the residual value of the equipment is 120,000 rubles. The market value of the equipment, confirmed by an independent appraiser, is 100,000 rubles. The amount of permanent differences due to the reflection in accounting of income in a smaller amount than for tax purposes will be 20,000 rubles:

Income from receiving property for free use

Receipt of property for gratuitous use by tax legislation is considered as gratuitous receipt of property rights. Income in the form of gratuitously received property rights is subject to inclusion in non-operating income on the basis of paragraph 8 of Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The principle established by this norm of tax legislation for determining income when receiving property free of charge, which consists in its assessment based on market prices determined taking into account the provisions of Article 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, is also subject to application when assessing property rights, including the right to use a thing. This approach to determining the amount of income when receiving property for free use was mentioned in Information Letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated December 22, 2005 No. 98.

A taxpayer who receives property for gratuitous use under an agreement includes in non-operating income income in the form of a gratuitously received right to use property, determined on the basis of market prices for the rental of identical property (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 02/04/2008 No. 03-03-06/1/ 77) (see Example 2).

Example 2

The organization received a premises of 100 square meters for free use. m. According to real estate companies, the rent for a similar premises is 5,000 rubles. for 1 sq. m per month. Income (benefit in the amount of unpaid rental payments) will be 500,000 rubles. monthly (RUB 5,000 × 100).

This income is not subject to reflection in accounting, but is recognized for tax purposes, which leads to the formation of permanent differences in the amount of 500,000 rubles. per month.

Income from transactions on the sale of securities

When maintaining tax accounting for transactions with securities, it is necessary to distinguish between securities traded on the organized securities market and securities not traded on this market.

For securities traded on the organized securities market, the market price of the securities for tax purposes is the actual price of sale or other disposal of the securities. At the same time, the actual selling price will be recognized provided that this price is in the interval between the minimum and maximum prices of transactions (price interval) with the specified security registered by the organizer of trading on the securities market on the date of the relevant transaction.

In the case of the sale of securities traded on the organized securities market at a price below the minimum transaction price, when determining the financial result, the minimum transaction price on the organized securities market is accepted (see Example 3).

Example 3

On June 10, 2008, the organization sold 1000 shares of Mars+ OJSC on the organized securities market for 70 rubles. per share, purchased by her at one time for 50 rubles. per share. During the trading day, the minimum transaction price for these shares was 80 rubles. per share. The amount of permanent differences due to the reflection in accounting of income in a smaller amount than for tax purposes will be 10,000 rubles:

Permanent differences of the fifth type

Permanent differences of the fifth type are formed when expenses not reflected in the accounting system are recognized for tax purposes:

PRV = HP > BR,

where PRV are permanent differences included in the calculation of the tax base for income tax for both the reporting and subsequent reporting periods; НР - tax expenses that form taxable profit (loss) of the reporting period; BR - expenses that do not form the accounting profit (loss) of the reporting period;

Expenses leading to the formation of permanent differences of the fifth type include, for example, expenses for the acquisition of land. According to paragraph 17 of PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”, land plots are classified as objects not subject to depreciation, which means the use of land plots without reducing their value and consumer properties throughout their entire service life.

In accordance with Article 264.1 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, expenses for the acquisition of land plots from lands in state and municipal ownership on which buildings, structures are located or which are acquired for the purpose of capital construction of fixed assets on these plots are included in other expenses related to with production and (or) sales. In this case, at the choice of the taxpayer, these expenses:

• are recognized as expenses of the reporting (tax) period evenly over a period determined by the taxpayer independently (at least 5 years);
• are recognized as expenses of the reporting (tax) period in an amount not exceeding 30 percent of the tax base of the previous tax period calculated in accordance with Article 274 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation until the full amount of these expenses is fully recognized.

Thus, the rules of accounting and tax accounting regarding the recognition of expenses associated with the acquisition of land plots do not coincide, and therefore permanent differences are formed (see Example 4).

Example 4

In June 2008, the organization acquired a state-owned land plot for the purpose of capital construction of fixed assets. In the same month, documents were submitted to register the right to the acquired land plot. Expenses for the acquisition of land amounted to 900,000 rubles. The accounting policy for tax purposes establishes a uniform write-off of these expenses over 6 years.

Due to the fact that the costs of acquiring a land plot are not reflected in accounting, permanent differences arise:

Accounting for permanent differences

Before changes were made to PBU 18/02, information on permanent differences could be generated on the basis of primary accounting documents: either in accounting registers, or in another manner determined by the organization independently. At the same time, permanent differences of the reporting period were subject to reflection in accounting separately (in the analytical accounting of the corresponding account of assets and liabilities in the assessment of which a permanent difference arose). To account for permanent differences, separate subaccounts “Permanent differences” were used for synthetic accounts of expenses or income.

The additions made to paragraph 3 of PBU 18/02 establish that information on permanent differences is formed in accounting either on the basis of primary accounting documents directly from the accounting accounts, or in another manner determined by the organization independently. In this case, permanent differences are reflected separately in accounting.

With a different accounting procedure, information about permanent differences is not reflected in the accounting accounts. Analytical accounting of permanent differences can be maintained in analytical registers on the basis of primary accounting documents.

If an organization applies such an accounting procedure, it is advisable to reflect permanent differences in the register for calculating permanent differences. Based on the calculation register, the total amount of permanent differences can be determined at the end of the reporting (tax) period, and on its basis a permanent tax asset or permanent tax liability can be calculated.

Register-calculation of information on permanent differences for the first quarter of 2008 (data given in the register-calculation are conditional)

Based on the Register-calculation of permanent differences, the amount of permanent tax liabilities and permanent tax assets is determined.

Permanent differences of the third and fifth types lead to the formation of a permanent tax asset. Permanent differences of the first, second and third types lead to the formation of a permanent tax liability.

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Head. Department of Financial Accounting, Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute Kulikova L.I.

Composition of temporary differences

The Ministry of Finance has expanded the list of situations that result in temporary differences. In particular, they now directly include estimated liabilities, which are formed only in accounting, or reserves, which are only in tax accounting (clause 8 of PBU 18/02 as amended in 2022).

It makes a difference when an organization:

• revalues ​​assets;
• creates reserves according to rules that differ in accounting and tax accounting;
• recognizes estimated liabilities.

Please note the peculiarity of accounting for differences in the revaluation of non-current assets. If, as a result of revaluation, we reflect in accounting for the first time a depreciation of a fixed asset or an intangible asset, then we make entries in correspondence with account 91. And this amount gives us a permanent difference. When we compare the book value of a non-current asset after revaluation and its tax value, another difference appears. We must view it as temporary. That is, as a result of markdown, we will have two differences at once - both permanent and temporary.

The amount of the initial revaluation of fixed assets is charged to account 83 “Additional capital”. In this case, a permanent difference does not arise: there is no income either in accounting or tax accounting. A temporary difference will appear when comparing the book value of the overvalued object and the tax value.

The results of those operations that do not fall into account 99 are a new type of difference. Differences are formed according to them if these transactions do not form an accounting profit or loss, but are taken into account when taxing profits in another or other reporting periods. For example, these are transactions that are reflected in accounting in account 83 or 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).”

Here are some other cases when the result of a transaction is not reflected in the profit of the current period:

• revaluation of fixed assets and intangible assets, if there was no depreciation before, or their depreciation in subsequent years if there is an revaluation (account 83);
• exchange differences that arise when translating the financial statements of a foreign subsidiary;
• correction of a significant error in accounting after approval of the financial statements (account 84);
• changes in accounting policies that entail retrospective recalculation (account 84).

As a result of such transactions, the carrying amount of assets and liabilities changes, and the adjustment is applied to account 83 or account 84. When comparing the carrying amount

There will be a temporary difference between such assets and liabilities and their tax value.

Separate accounting of differences

There are several unrelated reasons that can lead to the formation of temporary and permanent differences for each accounting object. For example, positive and negative amount differences when purchasing an asset, interest on a loan within the refinancing rate and above the rate, the difference in depreciation periods in Accounting and Tax Accounting, other expenses recognized in one accounting and not recognized in the other. Thus, several different temporary and permanent differences can be simultaneously associated with an OS object at a certain point in time. These differences have different economic natures and, as a result, have different properties. Accordingly, it is necessary to be able to distinguish between each such difference and to keep detailed records of each difference.

Postings with ONA and ONO

As a result of the calculations, we have only one temporary difference, on the basis of which we form deferred tax. To do this, we multiply the temporary difference by the income tax rate. If as a result of the calculation we have identified a deductible difference, then it should be reflected in the balance sheet, if taxable - IT.

Then we look at how much SHE or IT has changed compared to the previous reporting date. If IT has increased, additionally accrue it to the debit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets”, IT – to the credit of account 77 “Deferred tax liabilities”. If IT has decreased, make an entry with a credit to account 09, IT – with a debit to account 77.

If at the beginning of the year there is an IT, and at the end of the year we have a deductible difference, then we fully repay the IT and reflect the accrued IT. That is, we make two entries: one for debit 77, the second for credit 09. In the opposite situation, when at the beginning of the year there is IT, and at the end of the year we have calculated the taxable difference, we repay IT and accrue IT. In this case, we also make two entries: one for credit 09 and the second for debit 77.

The amounts of deferred taxes that were reflected in debit 09 or debit 77 are included in the income statement with a “+” sign. And the amounts of deferred taxes reflected on loan 09 or loan 77 are marked with a “–” sign.

Correspondence for accounts 09 and 77 depends on the method of generating the current income tax. Depending on the accounting option, we will make the usual entries with account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” or use account 99.

Differences due to uneven depreciation

There is another special type of temporary difference - this is the difference that arises due to the unevenness of depreciation in accounting and accounting records, caused by differences in depreciation methods or periods. This difference has the following features:

• If the depreciation periods and methods of calculating depreciation coincide, then the difference is not accrued
• With matching methods, the difference begins to accrue when the depreciation period in accounting begins to differ from the depreciation period in NU. Moreover, in the case of modernization, this condition begins to be fulfilled not from the beginning of the operation of the facility, but from the moment of modernization. It ends being paid off when the last depreciation occurs in accounting, which establishes longer useful lives of the asset
• This difference can lead to the occurrence of both ONO and ONA
• During the accounting period, this difference for the same fixed asset can repeatedly repay IT and accrue IT, and then repay this accrued IT and accrue IT, and vice versa. This behavior occurs when the difference between the depreciation amounts in BU and NU in one period is greater than zero, and in the next less, for example, when the NU uses the linear depreciation method, and in BU it is proportional to the actual volume of work.

Current income tax

The new edition of PBU 18/02 offers a choice of two ways to formulate the current income tax in accounting. Fix it in your accounting policy.

Delay method. Form the current income tax in a separate sub-account to account 68. Its amount will consist of conditional expenses or income (UR and UD), PPR, PND, SHE, IT - in this case, we reflect all the indicators in the same way as we did before. Reflect deferred taxes on account 09 or 77 in correspondence with account 68. Conditional expenses, PNR and PND - on accounts 68 and 99:

Debit 99 Credit 68

• a contingent income tax expense is reflected;

Debit 99 Credit 68

• fixed tax expense is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 99

• constant tax income is reflected;

Debit 09 Credit 68

• a deferred tax asset is reflected;

Debit 68 Credit 77

• deferred tax liability is reflected.

Balance method. Transfer the current income tax from the income tax return and reflect it by posting debit 99 and credit 68. Do not reflect conditional expenses or income, PNR, PND in the accounting accounts. Deferred taxes should be reflected in account 09 or 77 in correspondence with account 99. The accounting records will include:

Debit 99 Credit 68

• current income tax is reflected;

Debit 09 Credit 99

• a deferred tax asset is reflected;

Debit 99 Credit 77

• deferred tax liability is reflected.

Regardless of the calculation method, the amount of the current income tax will be the same. This can be seen from the formula on the next slide.

Determination of the monthly amount of accrual and repayment of the difference due to uneven depreciation

To determine the amount of the difference due to uneven depreciation in a certain period, the following approach is used. Every month, depreciation on an asset in accounting and accounting records forms costs in the corresponding accounting. The difference between these costs must be compensated by accruing temporary and permanent differences. As shown above, all differences associated with an asset that have changed the value of the asset in one accounting and not changed in another are continuously repaid (added) every period. And the monthly repayment amounts (additional accruals) are known - they are calculated using the formulas indicated above. The amount of the difference between depreciation for a month “breaks down” into the amount of repayment (additional accrual) of individual temporary (permanent) differences. The balance, which is neither a repayment of a previously registered temporary difference nor an additional accrual of a permanent one, will be the monthly value (change) of the difference in depreciation. The figure below is an illustration of this approach.

There is another method of calculation. The amount of accrual or repayment of this difference in a period can be calculated as the difference between the depreciation amounts in accounting and in accounting for the same period, reduced by the amount of changes in the same period of all other differences included in the initial cost of fixed assets in accounting. Those. as the difference between the amounts of depreciation that would have been charged if there were no other permanent or temporary differences associated with the item.

Net profit or loss

The new edition of PBU 18/02 provides an example of calculating net profit, which reflects the two considered methods. Regardless of the method, the amount of net profit will be the same.

With the balance sheet method, profit before tax is reduced by the amount of income tax expense - current income tax and deferred taxes reflected in account 99. It is these indicators that are transferred to the financial results report.

With the deferment method, account 99 reflects the indicators of UR (UD) and PNR, PND. Based on these figures, the accountant should arrive at the same current income tax figure.

Let's look at this with an example.

Profit in accounting amounted to 1000 thousand rubles. (UR = 200 thousand rubles), and in tax accounting – 500 thousand rubles.

Deductible temporary difference – 100 thousand rubles. (SHE = 20 thousand rubles).

Taxable temporary difference – 800 thousand rubles. (IT = 160 thousand rubles).

Option 1: deferment method

We will calculate all indicators, including PPR and PND, and based on these indicators we will generate the current income tax.

The permanent difference, according to accounting data, is equal to 200 thousand rubles. (PNR = 40 thousand rubles).

We calculate the current income tax using the formula:

TNP = UR + PNR + SHE – IT

TNP is equal to 100 thousand rubles. (200 thousand rubles + 40 thousand rubles + 20 thousand rubles – 160 thousand rubles).

Option 2: balance method

Take the current income tax amount from the return and calculate the deferred taxes. Based on these figures, calculate the PNR or PND and calculate the constant difference. To do this, you do not need to compare income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting.

We calculate the constant difference using the formula:

PNR = (TNP – SHE + IT) – UR + UD

PNR is equal to 40 thousand rubles. (100 thousand rubles – 20 thousand rubles + 160 thousand rubles – 200 thousand rubles).

The permanent difference is equal to 200 thousand rubles. (40 thousand rubles: 20%).

With the balance sheet method of reflecting the current tax, the indicators of UR or UD, PNR or PND are not reflected in accounting. They are not disclosed on the balance sheet or income statement. But these indicators are disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet. Based on these data, users of financial statements will be able to draw a conclusion about the impact of permanent differences on the amount of current income tax.

Income tax expense in accounting records

We disclose income tax expense or income on the income statement. This is a new measure and includes current income taxes and the change in deferred taxes for the period. If it reduces pre-tax profit, then it is an income tax expense (IPT). If the indicator has a positive value, it is called income tax income (IT).

One of the components of RNP or DNP is deferred income tax for the reporting period. But as part of deferred taxes, we should not reflect those that arise as a result of transactions that are not included in accounting profit.

In this regard, you will have to make two calculations of temporary differences. In the first calculation, include the carrying amount of assets and liabilities excluding transactions that do not affect profit before tax for the current period. And the second calculation will include only that part of the value of assets and liabilities that is associated with such transactions. That is, we separately highlight SHE and IT, which are accounted for in account 83 or account 84.

Filling out reports using examples

Let's look at an example of how to divide and report deferred tax that does and does not affect accounting profit or loss.

The fixed asset was accepted for accounting in December 2022. The initial cost is 12,000 thousand rubles, the useful life is 60 months.

For 12 months of 2022, depreciation in the amount of 2,400 thousand rubles was accrued in accounting. The residual value as of December 31, 2022 amounted to RUB 9,600 thousand.

In tax accounting, an expense was recognized in the form of a depreciation bonus - 360 thousand rubles. and for the year they accrued depreciation in the amount of 2328 thousand rubles. Residual value as of December 31, 2022 – 9312 thousand rubles.

As of December 31, 2022, the organization carried out a revaluation in accounting, as a result, the amount of the revaluation amounted to 960 thousand rubles. After revaluation, the initial cost of the fixed asset in accounting is equal to 13,200 thousand rubles, accrued depreciation is 2,640 thousand rubles.

Data for the facility as of December 31, 2022 are presented in the table below.

Let's assume that the organization calculates the current income tax based on the declaration. UR (UD), PNR, PND does not form. Deferred taxes are reflected in account 99:

Debit 99 subaccount “Deferred income tax” Credit 77

• RUB 57,600 (RUB 288 thousand × 20%) – ONO was formed;

Debit 83 subaccount “Additional valuation of fixed assets” Credit 77

• 192,000 rub. (960 thousand rubles × 20%) - ONO was formed.

In the statement of financial results, the organization will reflect IT in two amounts - 57.6 thousand rubles. and 192 thousand rubles. If the first amount, together with the current tax, will reduce profit before tax, then the second amount will reduce the total financial result.

In the balance sheet, the organization will reflect the total amount of IT at the end of the reporting period. At the same time, it will reduce the amount of revaluation by 192 thousand rubles. – the amount of IT arising in connection with the revaluation. Consequently, under the item “revaluation” the organization will reflect the balance in account 83.

In accounting for 2022, the company accrued depreciation in the amount of 2,640 thousand rubles, excluding revaluation - 2,400 thousand rubles. The residual value as of December 31, 2022 amounted to 7,920 thousand rubles, excluding revaluation - 7,200 thousand rubles.

In tax accounting for 2022, depreciation was accrued in the amount of 2,328 thousand rubles. The residual value as of December 31, 2022 amounted to RUB 6,984 thousand.

Data on the object as of December 31, 2022:

The organization reduced IT with postings:

Debit 77 Credit 99 subaccount “Deferred income tax”

• 14,400 rub. (RUB 288 thousand – RUB 216 thousand) – IT was reduced;

Debit 77 Credit 83 subaccount “Additional valuation of fixed assets”

• 48,000 rub. (960 thousand rubles – 720 thousand rubles) – IT has been reduced.

In the financial results report, the organization will reflect IT in two amounts - 14.4 thousand rubles. and 48 thousand rubles. This time, the change in IT will be with a “+” sign, since you are reducing the previously generated indicators.

In the balance sheet, the amount of IT at the end of the reporting period will decrease by 62.4 thousand rubles. (14.4 thousand rubles + 48 thousand rubles). At the same time, the amount of revaluation will increase by 48 thousand rubles. compared to the previous period. In the future, an increase in revaluation will occur annually by the same amount as a result of a decrease in the previously formed IT and in three years will reach a value of 960 thousand rubles. It was precisely this amount of revaluation that was initially reflected in accounting as a result of the revaluation of fixed assets.

Examples of calculating ONA and ONO on accounts 83 and 84

When correcting significant errors, a temporary difference can only arise if two conditions are met simultaneously: the error exists only in accounting and it was corrected through account 84.

For example, an organization incorrectly determined the useful life of a fixed asset in accounting and incorrectly calculated depreciation on it during the past year. Instead of 1000 thousand rubles. for the year, depreciation was accrued only for 600 thousand rubles.

The accountant corrected the error in accounting by posting:

Debit 84 Credit 02

• 400,000 rub. – additional depreciation accrued for the previous year.

There were no errors in tax accounting. Consequently, due to the correction of the error, a deductible difference will arise, on the basis of which the accountant will form IT:

Debit 09 Credit 84

• 80,000 rub. (400 thousand rubles × 20%) - ONA was formed.

In the future, the organization reduces IT by posting to the debit of account 99 and credit 09. This amount of IT will still go to account 84, but the accountant will not have to make a separate calculation for calculating temporary differences.

Apply the same principle when retrospectively recalculating due to changes in accounting policies. Temporary differences will arise if the recalculation concerns only accounting and affects account 84. For example, now organizations will reflect those deferred taxes that they must complete in connection with the new rules. Reflect them by counting 84.

Please note that if an organization has the right to choose the method of generating current tax, then for deferred taxes the accounting procedure does not provide any alternative. That is, in relation to revaluation, deferred taxes should be reflected in account 83, and when correcting errors or in case of retrospective recalculation - in account 84.

Impact of reconstruction and modernization

Reconstruction and modernization can increase the useful life and replacement cost of both NU and BU. If the useful life has increased, this will affect the repayment of temporary and additional accrual of permanent differences that arose before the start of depreciation. Namely, these differences will begin to be repaid (accrued) more slowly. If the useful life has increased in BU and NU differently, then this will affect the amount of monthly repayment of the difference due to uneven depreciation, for example, if this difference did not exist before reconstruction, then after reconstruction it will arise. Also, as a result of modernization, new differences may arise that were not there before, due to the fact that expenses in one accounting form the cost of fixed assets, while in the other they are included in the costs of the current period or are not taken into account at all: amount differences, interest on the loan, re-registration costs and etc.

Transition to registration according to the new rules

If property, plant and equipment or intangible assets were revalued, or if the organization recognized permanent differences in provisions and provisions before 2022, then do not recalculate anything in the previous period. To switch to accounting according to the new rules of PBU 18/02, adjust those ONA and ONO indicators that are listed in accounting. For this, at the beginning of 2022:

• compare the book value of assets and liabilities with their value in tax accounting;
• calculate deferred tax;
• compare ONO and ONA, which are registered as of January 1, 2022, with the calculated indicators. If they are equal, then no additional postings need to be made. If the calculated SHE and IT differ from what is reflected in the accounting, then on January 1, create deferred taxes in the required amount.

Examples of calculating deferred tax on an estimated liability, reserve for doubtful debts and reserve for repairs of fixed assets

Use the same principle if you carried out a markdown or revaluation of objects.

An example of calculating deferred tax when depreciating a fixed asset

As of January 1, 2022, the cost of the OS is:

• balance sheet – 5600 thousand rubles. (8000 thousand rubles – 2400 thousand rubles);
• tax – 7000 thousand rubles. (10,000 thousand rubles – 3,000 thousand rubles).

Therefore, as of January 1, 2022, the accountant will form the following in accounting:

Debit 09 Credit 84

• 280 thousand rubles. ((7000 thousand rubles – 5600 thousand rubles) × 20%) – ONA is formed for the fixed asset.

Examples of calculating deferred tax when revaluing fixed assets

As of January 1, 2022, the cost of the OS is:

• balance sheet – 8400 thousand rubles. (12,000 thousand rubles – 3,600 thousand rubles);
• tax – 7000 thousand rubles. (10,000 thousand rubles – 3,000 thousand rubles).

Therefore, as of January 1, 2022, the accountant forms IT in accounting:

Debit 83 Credit 77

• 280,000 rub. ((8,400 thousand rubles – 7,000 thousand rubles) × 20%) – an IT organization has been formed for the fixed assets object.