Sample accounting policies for tax purposes for 2022 in 2022

Organizational provisions

To formulate tax accounting regulations, the company discloses data that allows it to more accurately generate the necessary information both in general and for each of the taxes for which it is a payer.
Data on whether the company is newly created or not is necessary to determine the edition of the UP - new or modification of the old one. According to the rules, accounting policies for tax purposes are approved no later than 90 days from the date of establishment of the company and are applied consistently from year to year.
Next, the company must indicate the types of business activities it carries out. Depending on the specific type of activity, the organization forms the features of its accounting tax policy (primarily in terms of income tax).
For the same purposes (for income tax), the organization must indicate information about whether it carries out transactions with securities and whether in the course of its activities it incurs R&D expenses.
To generate information on the procedure for maintaining property tax records, an organization must indicate whether it has property subject to taxation on its balance sheet.
For structural characteristics, it is necessary to indicate the presence (absence) of separate structural divisions, including those located on the territory of one subject of the Federation.
What follows is a block of questions, the answers to which characterize the procedure for organizing tax accounting. The company has the right to keep records of data both with the involvement of a third-party organization or a specially authorized person (indicate their name in the text) and on its own. If tax accounting is carried out in-house, then it is necessary to indicate who is doing this - an individual employee or a specialized service. In both cases, specification is required, that is, an exact indication of the employee’s position according to the staffing table or the name of the department in accordance with the company structure.
An essential point is the method of maintaining tax records (automated or non-automated). When choosing an automated method, you must additionally specify the specialized program with which tax accounting is maintained.

Preparatory stage of developing accounting policies

The accounting policy of a budgetary institution (AP BU) is a fundamental element of the accounting process. It is necessary for all budgetary institutions to develop it. Another question is who will do this? According to Art. 7 of Law No. 402-FZ “On Accounting” there are several options for solving this problem:

start developing the management accounting system yourself, entrusting this process to an authorized employee of the institution;
transfer the functions of accounting and development of accounting management programs to a centralized accounting department that provides services for public sector institutions.

The most common situation is when the accounting department is developed by the chief accountant of the institution. This allows:

to detail accounting nuances as much as possible, taking into account the specifics of the institution’s activities;
ensure the necessary level of information confidentiality.

The development of UP accounting by centralized accounting specialists allows the institution to save financial resources and solve other important problems (for example, reducing tax risks).

IMPORTANT! From 01/01/2019, all budgetary organizations are required to publish their accounting policies on the centralized accounting website, as well as disclose their provisions in detail in the reporting (clause 9 of Order of the Ministry of Finance dated 12/30/2017 No. 274n).

Change mid-tax period

According to the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia No. 03-03-06/1/45756 dated 07/03/2018, it is possible to reflect changes in accounting policies for tax accounting purposes (Article 313 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation):

when legislation on taxes and fees changes;
when changing the accounting methods used.

Changing accounting methods is allowed only from the beginning of a new tax period, that is, from the beginning of the year. But if the legislation changes, it is allowed to change the accounting policy from the moment the new rules come into force. It depends on the organization on what principle to formulate its tax accounting policy. When new types of activities appear, changes must also be made to the regulations. In the middle of the tax period, the taxpayer has the right to change the accounting policy in two cases:

the legislation has changed and these changes have entered into legal force;
The company began to carry out a new type of activity.

Sample order for approval of accounting policies for 2022

Let's look at an example of how to draw up an order approving an accounting policy (sample).

Example

Tekhnomash LLC received a state registration certificate on 03/02/2021. Activities began on the same date. According to the criteria, Tekhnomash LLC is classified as a small business and plans to apply a general taxation system.

Before the formation of its unitary enterprise, the management of Tekhnomash LLC made the following organizational decisions:

keep accounting records in full (simplified accounting methods that are possible for small businesses should not be used);
create two separate full-fledged UEs - for accounting purposes and for taxation purposes;
the development of the management program is carried out under the control and with the direct participation of the chief accountant in accordance with the schedule, which indicates the deadlines and the performers responsible for individual sections of the management program;
the project UP should be coordinated with all services and departments - their proposals and recommendations will be considered no later than 03/11/2021;
submit the agreed project of the Management Program for consideration by a specially created commission until March 16, 2021, with subsequent approval by the head.

After the Management Program was developed, agreed upon and received approval from a specially created commission in the company, the following order was generated to approve the accounting policy:

In the example considered, two UEs are approved - for accounting purposes and for taxation purposes. This option is not the only one: a company has the right to draw up one UP, providing for accounting and tax accounting aspects in different chapters of the UP, combining them into a single organizational and technical section. Or provide a different management structure.

In this case, in the order approving the UP, such sections are not separately mentioned, but a single UP is approved.

For information about what other types of accounting an accounting policy can be formed, read the articles:

“Accounting policies for management accounting purposes”;
“Accounting policies in IFRS format - main provisions”.

Value added tax (VAT)

This section must be completed only by organizations that are VAT payers.

Periodicity

As part of the general provisions on the procedure for maintaining VAT tax accounting, the organization must indicate the frequency of renewal of the numbering of invoices. There are no strict restrictions in regulatory and legislative acts on this issue, so the organization has the right to indicate any of the proposed options - monthly, quarterly, annually, or with other frequency.

Enterprises engaged in the manufacture (production) of goods, works and services with a long production cycle (more than 6 months according to the list approved by the Government of the Russian Federation) must provide in their accounting policies the moment of determining the tax base upon receipt of an advance payment on account of upcoming deliveries of goods (performance of work, provision of method, the organization fixes in its accounting policy one of the proposed dates - either on the day of shipment or on the day of receipt of payment (full or partial). If the organization provides for the use of a “separate" method, then it has the right to use both of the above dates to determine the tax base. In the text The accounting policy must indicate for which transactions the tax base is determined on the date of shipment, and for which - on the date of payment.

Separate VAT accounting

Further points disclosed in the accounting policy regarding the procedure for maintaining VAT tax accounting are related to the organization of separate VAT accounting for organizations that carry out transactions subject to and not subject to VAT, and types of activities for which different rates of this tax are applied. Accordingly, only organizations that have the above operations in their business practice should disclose in their accounting policies the specifics of tax accounting. The first point in the disclosure in the accounting policy of information on the procedure for maintaining separate accounting for VAT is an indication of the fact that the organization has business transactions that are not subject to VAT (if there is a taxable turnover) and transactions taxed at a rate of 0% (if there are transactions taxed by other rates other than 0%).

Next, the organization needs to decide for itself whether it applies the so-called “5% rule” for the purposes of separate accounting (separate accounting of “input” VAT is allowed not to be carried out in those tax periods in which the share of total expenses on transactions not subject to VAT is less or equal to 5% of the total total production costs). Accordingly, ignoring this rule means that separate accounting is carried out regardless of the proportion of the ratio between taxable and non-taxable transactions. The “5% rule” is used by those organizations whose share of VAT-exempt transactions is insignificant.

If an organization applies the 5% rule, then it needs to disclose some additional information in its accounting policies. The first point related to this concerns the expense register for the purpose of applying this rule. At the choice of the organization, this is either a special sub-account allocated in the working chart of accounts, a separate accounting register, or another independently developed method. The choice of one of the options depends on the general order of organization of the accounting process.

Next, the base is determined in proportion to which the distribution of general business expenses is made. This indicator is determined in proportion to the share of revenue from non-taxable transactions in the sales volume, in proportion to the share of direct expenses in the total amount of expenses, or in any other way adopted by the organization. The choice of method is made solely on the basis of the professional judgment of officials of the organization.

When choosing the “share of expenses” as a base indicator, the organization provides for the creation of a special form (tax accounting register) in its accounting policy.

The next point related to maintaining separate accounting for VAT is determining the period for calculating the proportion of VAT to be deducted on fixed assets and intangible assets (intangible assets) accepted for accounting in the first or second month of the quarter. The organization can choose to determine the specified ratio between taxable and non-taxable turnover under VAT either on the basis of monthly data or based on quarterly results. The choice of option depends on whether the organization generates data on sales of goods, works, and services on a monthly basis or not. If not, then you should choose the option based on the “quarterly” proportion.

An organization has the right to maintain separate accounting of “input” VAT either in a special subaccount to balance sheet account 19 “VAT on acquired values,” or in a separate register, or in another independently determined order. The choice of this procedure depends on the organization’s accounting process.

The procedure for maintaining separate accounting of transactions for the sale of goods, works and services, subject to and not subject to VAT, is provided for in the accounting policy. By analogy with the above, such accounting is electively maintained either in a special sub-account, or in a separate register, or in any other way. The choice of option is at the discretion of the company.

To quickly and correctly draw up a document, use the free accounting policy designer for 2022 from ConsultantPlus experts.

The procedure for drawing up accounting policies

At the legislative level, there is no clear regulation on the issue of who exactly should draw up the accounting policy, as well as the requirements for it.

In most cases, responsibility falls on the company's chief (or sole) accountant, who is responsible for ensuring that the approved accounting policies meet the needs of the organization and are also correctly executed.

The only requirement for companies is to draw up an internal order approving the accounting policies signed by the manager (PBU 1/2008). Its absence may entail financial sanctions from the inspection authorities, since some business transactions may be recognized as incorrectly executed. The order is drawn up in free form indicating the list of persons responsible for the accounting policy; the following details are required: number, date and signature of the manager.

As a rule, accounting policies are formed separately for tax and accounting, where each section is named in accordance with the object or method of accounting: “Fixed assets”, “Wages”, “Calculation method”, etc.

Income tax

The “Profit” section in the accounting policy is filled out only by organizations that are payers of income tax. First, you need to indicate how information is generated for the purposes of calculating the taxable base for income tax:

by filling out specially designed tax accounting registers;
by filling out accounting registers, supplemented, if necessary, with relevant details.

The choice of one of the options depends on the organization itself, taking into account how its accounting procedures are organized and document flow is structured.

Next, the organization must indicate which reporting period it applies for income tax - monthly or quarterly. The choice depends solely on the organization itself and its desire to generate income tax indicators in one way or another.

Tax accounting policies should reflect the payment of monthly advance payments. There are no choice options, since those who are exempt from paying advance payments for income tax are indicated in clause 3 of Art. 286 Tax Code of the Russian Federation. This moment is purely ascertaining in nature.

Organizations that have separate structural divisions located on the territory of different subjects of the Federation must disclose in their accounting policies information about the basic indicator in proportion to which (in addition to the residual value of depreciable property) the share of profit attributable to the separate division is distributed. The organization chooses either a share of the average number of employees of the department, or a share of the costs of paying for their labor. The choice of one of the options depends solely on the organization itself, depending on the professional judgment of its officials.

Who should develop

Responsibility for the formation of the organization's accounting policy lies directly with the institution's chief accountant. The manager is responsible for the process of organizing accounting, for compliance with the norms and rules of current legislation in the execution of financial and economic activities of an economic entity (Article 6 402-FZ of December 6, 2011).

The formation of an organization's accounting policy is entrusted to the chief accountant or an official authorized to maintain accounting in the institution. The developed and agreed upon UP is approved by order (instruction) of the head of the enterprise. The institution regulates the formal type of order or instruction independently.

IMPORTANT!

The key legal act regulating the development of management programs for enterprises is the accounting provision PBU 1/2008.

The management program, as well as the order for its approval, are internal organizational documents that delineate the norms of responsibility of the manager and chief accountant for the process of developing a set of accounting measures.

Accounting for income and expenses

What follows is a large block of questions related to accounting for the organization’s income and expenses. The first and most significant issue in this block is the method of recognizing income and expenses. Only organizations whose average revenue from the sale of goods (work, services) excluding VAT over the previous four quarters did not exceed 1 million rubles for each quarter can afford to freely choose one of the two methods. That is, those who have the right to use the cash method, but want to use the accrual method. Other organizations are required to indicate the “accrual method” in their accounting policies on a non-alternative basis. The accounting policy of the organization for tax purposes does not reflect other features of accounting; there is a separate document for this.

The next question concerns only enterprises with a long technological cycle (production, the start and end dates of which fall on different tax periods, regardless of the number of days of production), for which stage-by-stage delivery of work (services) is not provided. Such organizations have the right to establish in their accounting policies the procedure for recognizing income by distributing it between reporting periods either in equal shares based on the number of periods, or in proportion to the costs incurred, or in another reasonable way. The choice of one of the options depends on the principles of tax planning determined by the organization independently.

Next, the point related to the procedure for recognizing losses from the assignment of the right to claim a debt before the maturity date is revealed. The indicator on the basis of which the normalization of the amount of loss is calculated is calculated at the choice of the organization:

based on the maximum interest rate established by type of currency;
based on rates on debt obligations confirmed by the methods provided for in paragraph 1 of Art. 105.7 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (methods used in determining profit for tax purposes in transactions in which the parties are interdependent persons).

If an organization uses the comparable market prices method for these purposes, then it needs to establish comparability criteria (for example, the same currency, the same period, another similar indicator at the discretion of the organization).

For R&D expenses, an organization needs to specify how these expenses will be accounted for. There are two options:

These expenses will form the cost of intangible assets (in this case, inclusion in expenses is made through depreciation over a certain useful life).
As part of other expenses (in this case, inclusion in expenses is carried out within two years).

An organization has the right to apply a coefficient of 1.5 to actual R&D expenses for the purpose of including them in expenses that reduce the taxable base for income tax. An appropriate indication of this fact should be made in the accounting policy. It must be remembered that if an organization chooses to use this coefficient, it is additionally charged with the obligation to provide to the tax authority at its location a report on R&D performed, the costs of which are recognized in the amount of actual costs using a coefficient of 1.5. The report is submitted to the tax authority simultaneously with the tax return based on the results of the tax period in which the relevant R&D was completed. A progress report is provided for each R&D project.

The next question concerns the accounting treatment of rental income. At the choice of the organization, they are taken into account either as part of sales income or as part of non-operating income. The choice of option depends on how the specified income was recognized in accounting.

Contents of the accounting policy of the organization (LLC)

Accounting policies should reflect:

list of regulations on the basis of which the company keeps records: Law on Accounting No. 402-FZ, PBU, Tax Code of the Russian Federation, etc.,
working chart of accounts, prepared as an annex to the accounting policy,
positions responsible for organizing and maintaining records in the company,
forms of the “primary” used, accounting and tax registers - unified forms, or independently developed,
depreciation issues – calculation methods, frequency (monthly, once a year, etc.),
limits on the value of fixed assets, the procedure for their revaluation,
accounting of materials, finished products, goods,
accounting of income and expenses,
the procedure for correcting significant errors and the criteria for classifying them,
other provisions that the organization deems necessary to reflect.

If the “accounting” part of the organization’s accounting policy is quite universal for everyone, then the tax part will be different for each taxation regime, but in any case should contain:

information about the applicable tax system, and if there is a combination of tax regimes - the procedure for maintaining separate accounting,
how taxes are paid in separate divisions, if any,
whether the company has tax benefits, and under what conditions they apply.

Accounting for direct and indirect costs

What follows is a block of questions regarding the specifics of accounting for direct and indirect costs. To begin, the organization should approve the list of direct expenses, selecting them from the proposed list. At the request of the organization, this list is either reduced as much as possible or expanded as much as possible. Typically, the list of direct expenses for tax accounting purposes for income tax corresponds to a similar list accepted for accounting purposes.

With regard to direct costs associated with the provision of services, the organization has the right to provide for either their distribution to work in progress (WIP) balances, or to take them into account in full as part of current expenses. The choice of one of the options remains entirely at the discretion of the organization itself, based on its existing tax planning principles.

The organization also needs to disclose in its accounting policies the principles for the distribution of direct costs for work in progress. Depending on the characteristics of the production process and based on the professional judgment of officials, the organization has the right to choose any of the methods proposed in the list, or to approve its own method. It is possible to use different methods for distributing direct costs depending on the type of product produced. According to the rules, the procedure established by the taxpayer in the accounting policy for tax purposes for the distribution of direct expenses (formation of the cost of work in progress) is subject to application for at least one year.

If an organization has direct costs that cannot be unambiguously attributed to the production of specific products, then this fact should be indicated in the accounting policy. An indicator should be provided on the basis of which such costs will be distributed between types of products. This indicator is:

wages of employees engaged in primary production;
material costs;
revenue;
another indicator chosen by the organization.

Tax accounting policy of a budgetary institution: where for 2022

The accounting policy for tax accounting purposes in the UP BU reflects the following accounting features:

scheme for adjusting the working chart of accounts to the needs of tax accounting;
algorithm for using information generated on accounting accounts for tax accounting purposes;
the applied taxation system;
method of submitting tax reporting;
persons responsible for tax accounting and reporting;
forms of the primary material used;
forms, procedure and frequency of filling out tax registers;
methodological aspects of accounting for certain types of tax obligations (VAT, income tax, transport tax, property tax).

A sample of the UP BU, formed as a document combining the accounting and tax parts, can be seen and downloaded on our website.

Inventory accounting

Let's move on to the block within which issues related to accounting for inventory items (TMV) are considered. First, let's look at the accounting of goods.

In relation to purchased goods, an organization has the right to establish the formation of their value in tax accounting both without taking into account additional costs for their acquisition, and taking them into account. The organization decides whether all additional costs are included in the cost of purchased goods or only certain types of them. The list of additional expenses included in the cost of purchasing goods is established in the accounting policy. Typically, the choice in favor of one or another method of forming the value of goods depends on how their value was formed in accounting.

The next point is an indication of the method of evaluating the product during its sale. One of three methods is selected: unit cost, average cost, FIFO method. It is possible to use a single method for all types of goods, or to select an individual method for each group.

In relation to raw materials and materials, the organization indicates the method of their valuation when written off. The same methods that were used to evaluate goods are offered to choose from. Similarly, it is possible to use different assessment methods for different groups of raw materials and supplies.

In relation to low-value property (tangible assets of durable use that do not fall into the category of depreciable property), the organization must indicate how its value is included in current expenses: at a time (by analogy with raw materials) or in equal shares over more than one reporting period (based on useful life or other economically justified indicator).

In what case is it compiled?

Subjects must formulate accounting policies in cases where they maintain accounting records. Therefore, it is composed of all legal entities, regardless of their form of ownership. The only exceptions are credit organizations, representative offices and branches of foreign companies.

Many people mistakenly think that if an organization applies a simplified or other preferential tax system, then it should not draw up an accounting policy.

Actually this is not true. It is in the accounting policy that the moment is fixed in accordance with which the accounting of the enterprise is built according to a simplified scheme. If this does not happen, then the organization will not be able to use simplified accounting.

As a rule, the formation of accounting policies occurs immediately after the creation of a company. It is compiled by the chief accountant and approved by the director of the company. Then, at the end of each year, adjustments are made to it if necessary, and it is re-approved for the new year.

A separate big question is whether it is necessary for individual entrepreneurs to have an accounting policy. Indeed, according to the regulations, only organizations should develop and use this document. However, the Tax Code says that the taxpayer, regardless of the form, must develop an accounting tax policy.

Attention! It should be used only by those entrepreneurs who use OSNO or simplified tax system. Those who are in a special regime (UTII, Unified Agricultural Tax, patent) do not need to develop it, provided that they do not combine several modes.

But they do not need to develop and apply accounting policies for accounting, since according to the law they may not conduct accounting at all.

Depreciation

Now let's turn to the procedure for accounting for depreciable property (fixed assets and intangible assets). The first question concerns the procedure for forming the initial cost of fixed assets. The organization has the right to establish a list of expenses for the creation of fixed assets that are not included in their initial cost. Refusal to include any type of expense in the initial cost of fixed assets will lead to disagreements with regulatory authorities. Disclosure of this information in accounting policies is associated with additional risks.

If an organization operates in the field of IT technologies and meets the criteria established by paragraph 6 of Article 259 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, then it has the right to choose the option of accounting for the cost of electronic computer equipment as expenses: either as part of material expenses or in the form of depreciation. If the option of accounting as part of material expenses is chosen, then inclusion in current expenses occurs electively either at a time or in certain shares over more than one reporting period, based on the service life or other economically justified indicator.

If an organization leases or plans to lease fixed assets, then it needs to indicate how depreciation of non-refundable capital investments in leased fixed assets (inseparable improvements) is carried out. Such depreciation is based on either the useful life of the leased asset or the useful life of the permanent improvement itself. The choice of one of the options is made by the organization independently.

The organization has the right to provide for a review of the useful life of an object of depreciable property based on the results of its reconstruction, modernization or technical re-equipment, as well as not to carry out such a review.

In relation to fixed assets that were previously operated by previous owners in the same capacity, the organization establishes a special procedure for determining the useful life - taking into account the service life of the previous owner. This option is optional. The organization has the right to determine the general procedure for determining such a period (that is, without taking into account the period of previous operation).

In the next block, we will consider the information that needs to be disclosed regarding the procedure for calculating depreciation. To begin with, one of two methods is selected: linear (even distribution over the useful life) or non-linear (accelerated write-off in the first years of operation). With the non-linear method, depreciation is calculated not individually for each fixed asset object, but in groups.

The organization has the right to provide for the use of a “depreciation bonus” (one-time inclusion in expenses of part of the cost of depreciable property). Its use (subject to the restrictions imposed by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) is permitted both in relation to the initial cost and the costs of increasing it. It is possible to apply a depreciation bonus only in one of the two indicated areas.

With regard to the depreciation bonus, it is possible to either establish a lower threshold for the initial cost of fixed assets and expenses for its increase to which it applies, or waive such a limitation. In the latter case, it is applied to all fixed assets (except for those for which the Tax Code of the Russian Federation directly prohibits its use).

Organizations that have fixed assets that meet the criteria given in paragraphs 1–3 of Art. 259.3 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, has the right to apply appropriate increasing factors to depreciation rates.

If several increasing factors are applied to a fixed asset for different reasons, then the organization must choose only one. This is the maximum, minimum or other intermediate coefficient.

In relation to absolutely any fixed depreciable assets, the organization establishes the use of coefficients that reduce the depreciation rate. The accounting policy should indicate a list of groups of depreciable property for which such coefficients are applied, and a link to the document containing this list.

Methodological aspects of drawing up accounting policies

When developing UP accounting regarding methodological issues of accounting, it is necessary to take into account the following:

UP accounting should reflect the peculiarities of the institution’s work on aspects that are not regulated by regulations or on those in respect of which the right of choice is legally granted;
the application of the accounting algorithms established by the UP BU must be carried out consistently from year to year.

Next, we will dwell on the methodological nuances of accounting accounting in the context of the main accounting objects.

Accounting for non-financial assets

The section of the Accounting Manual dedicated to the accounting of non-financial assets may contain:

algorithm for determining the useful life of a fixed asset (FA), if its name is not in the classifier;
the procedure for determining: the current estimated value of the fixed assets (on commission, using an expert assessment), the cost of the liquidated parts of the fixed assets and the depreciation accrued on them;
scheme for assigning a unique inventory number to the OS;
features of accounting for individual property objects (library collections, software);
a list of particularly valuable property by type;
the procedure for off-balance sheet accounting of property;
features of accounting for intangible assets;
nuances of inventory accounting (registration, evaluation, write-off);
a methodology for separate accounting of expenses when forming the cost of services provided by an institution by type, indicating a list of direct and overhead costs;
other accounting aspects.

Read about the specifics of fixed assets accounting in budgetary institutions here.

Accounting for financial assets

When developing this section of the UP BU, the following is provided:

the procedure for accounting for funds on the institution’s personal accounts;
“cash” algorithms: maintaining a cash book, accounting for monetary documents;
description of the procedure for issuing funds on account;
other “monetary” nuances.

For information on what standards to take into account when developing this section of the accounting management system, read the article “Accounting for cash transactions in budgetary institutions (nuances)” .

Accounting for liabilities

The relevant section may include the procedure for accounting for certain types of obligations:

for paying taxes;
on social security;
to raise funds to fulfill obligations;
on the transfer of assets and liabilities between types of activities.

Read about accounting and methodological aspects of budget obligations here.

Accounting for financial liabilities

Among the important points described in this section of the BU UP are:

methodology for separate accounting of income by type of activity;
list of expenses of the current financial year and their accounting system.

Reserves for future expenses

This section of the UP BU describes the nuances of the reserves formed by the institution. For example, the following accounting elements can be provided for the reserve for upcoming vacation pay:

date of formation of the reserve;
formula for calculating the monthly percentage of deductions;
maximum reserve size;
inventory procedures for reserves;
scheme for writing off and accruing reserves.

Authorization of expenses

The UP BU reflects:

methods of accepting obligations (moment of recognition, basis document);
ways of accepting financial obligations.

Read about what is remarkable about the organization of accounting in a budgetary institution in the article “Accounting in budgetary institutions .

Expense reserve

The next block of this section concerns the formation of expense reserves. The organization has the right to create the reserves listed in the list or not to form them. When choosing to “form” in the accounting policy, additional information must be disclosed.

Organizations that form a reserve for the repair of fixed assets must additionally indicate whether they accumulate funds for particularly complex and expensive repairs of fixed assets over more than one reporting period or not.

Organizations that form a reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service are required to indicate the period during which they sold goods (work) with a warranty period. The size of this period, depending on the characteristics of the organization, is:

3 or more years;
less than 3 years.

This information is necessary to calculate the maximum percentage of deductions to the reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service.

Also, with regard to the reserve for warranty repairs and warranty service, it is necessary to indicate the direction of use of the unspent part of the reserve, that is, whether its balance is transferred to the next year or not. The choice is up to the organization.

Organizations that create a vacation reserve must disclose the methodology for its formation: is it formed in a uniform manner throughout the organization or is it carried out individually for each employee. You can freely choose any of the proposed options, based on the organization’s accepted accounting process scheme.

Organizations that form a reserve for the payment of remuneration for long service must provide a criterion for clarifying its unspent balance carried over to the next reporting year. This criterion is the amount of remuneration per employee, or some other method justified by the organization. The choice of criterion is at the discretion of the organization.

The question regarding the criterion for clarifying the unspent balance of the reserve that is carried over to the next reporting year must also be answered by organizations that form a reserve for the payment of remunerations based on the results of work for the year. Such criteria are:

amount per employee;
percentage of the profit received;
another economically feasible indicator.

The choice of criterion is at the discretion of the organization.

Applications to the accounting policies of a budgetary institution

The specifics of the budget accounting process contribute to the fact that the accounting policy differs from the accounting policy of a commercial company in the variety of applications. If a commercial company can limit itself to a standard set of mandatory annexes to its accounting policy (working chart of accounts, document flow schedule, forms of accounting registers and primary records), then the UP accounting does not need only these elements.

Read about appendices to the accounting policies of a commercial company here.

In the annexes to the UE BU, depending on the specifics of its operation, information (except for the listed mandatory elements) may be detailed in the form:

instructions: on the procedure for accepting obligations, algorithms for determining the service life of household equipment, on the procedure for conducting an inventory;
transfers of the composition of commissions: for the receipt and disposal of assets, for conducting a sudden audit of the cash register;
lists of: primary responsible persons with the right to sign; positions of employees with whom an agreement on full financial responsibility is concluded;
provisions: on the WFC, on business trips;
other documents (methods, diagrams).

The developer of the UE BU determines independently (based on the specifics of the work and the requirements of the regulatory legal acts):

composition of appendices to the UE BU;
degree of detail of information in applications;
order of changing applications.

To learn how an inventory of obligations is carried out in accounting, read the material “Inventory of financial obligations in a budgetary institution .

Accounting for transactions with securities

Next comes the block related to accounting for securities transactions.

If a transaction with securities meets the criteria for a transaction with financial instruments of futures transactions, then the organization independently classifies the specified transaction for tax purposes as a transaction with securities or a transaction with financial instruments of futures transactions and makes an appropriate note about this in its accounting policy. The selection is based on the professional judgment of authorized personnel within the organization.

In relation to securities that are not traded on the organized securities market, the organization must indicate in its accounting policies the methods for determining their settlement prices. The selection options are presented in the attached list. The organization has the right to choose absolutely any option. It is allowed to use different methods for determining the settlement price depending on the type of securities.

For securities being disposed of, the entity must indicate the method of write-off: either the FIFO method or the unit cost method. It is advisable to apply the unit value valuation method to non-equity securities that assign an individual volume of rights to their owner (check, bill, bill of lading, etc.). On the contrary, the FIFO method is more suitable for equity securities (stocks, bonds, options). They are placed in issues, within each issue they all have the same denomination and provide the same set of rights. The FIFO method is preferably used when the prices of securities being sold are expected to decline.

If an organization carries out transactions for the sale of securities with the opening of short positions on them (that is, the taxpayer sells a security in the presence of obligations to return securities received under the first part of the repo), then the organization must indicate the sequence of closing these positions (purchase of securities of the same issue (additional issue) for which a short position is opened). Closing short positions is done either using the FIFO method or at the cost of the securities for a specific open short position. The organization chooses independently.

If an organization has transactions with non-negotiable securities for which it is impossible to determine the place of conclusion of the transaction, then it has the right to pre-fix in its accounting policies the place of conclusion of the transaction. This is the territory of the Russian Federation, the location of the buyer, seller or another agreed place. If, nevertheless, it is possible to determine the place of the transaction, then the right of choice for the organization is not granted.

Document approval deadlines

When a company has been registered, it needs, according to PBU 1, to draw up and approve its accounting policy no later than 90 days. That is, it can be entered immediately along with registration, or you can consider all the points more carefully and approve it no later than three months. Moreover, it begins to operate from the moment the organization is registered.

However, the accounting policy includes a section on taxes. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation requires that accounting policies for taxation be approved no later than the end of the first tax period. At the same time, its rules will apply to the company’s activities from the moment of registration.

Accounting policies are drawn up for an indefinite period. When forming it, the principle of consistency in the application of existing rules applies. That is, having chosen accounting methods and methods once, it is advisable to use them in the future. Changes in them must be justified and aimed at optimizing activities.

Attention! Changes can be made by appropriate order of management or by approving a new accounting policy.

Personal income tax and insurance premiums

With regard to this tax, the organization only needs to indicate in its accounting policy the form of the tax register for accounting for accruals and deductions on the income of an individual in respect of whom the organization acts as a tax agent. This point must be taken into account, since there are no unified forms of tax registers for personal income tax, and organizations approve them independently.

And here’s what to set up in the accounting tax policy for insurance premiums for a company on OSNO:

OSNO accounting policies

One of the main points of tax policy under OSNO is accounting for income tax. The document should reflect:

procedure for recognizing direct and indirect expenses of an enterprise (cash or accrual method),
the procedure for accounting for fixed assets, whether increasing coefficients are used for depreciation, depreciation bonus, for which objects,
methods for assessing materials, raw materials and goods,
Are reserves formed to evenly distribute expenses throughout the year (vacations, bad debts, OS repairs, etc.),
accounting for transactions with securities,
in what order is income tax and advance payments on it calculated and paid,
applicable tax registers, etc.

The specifics of VAT accounting when developing accounting policies should be pointed out to those who are exempt from tax or who carry out transactions taxed at a rate of 0% - this concerns the order of distribution of “input” VAT.

Changes in PBU 1/2008 from 2019

All companies need to adjust their accounting policies in 2022. This is due to the fact that changes to accounting legislation were adopted in 2022.