Accounting statements 2022 - rules and methods for evaluating balance sheet items

When is property valuation required?

The legislation stipulates situations in which an assessment cannot be avoided. See the table below for the most common ones.

Applying for a loan to expand your business

When applying for a loan, you will need to keep your stock as collateral. In such cases, it is preferable if the company's share price is high, since a better indicator will provide more security to the lender. In this case, accounting valuation methods can help. If prices rise throughout the year, FIFO provides more value to the closing reserve. If prices go down, the LIFO technique will give a higher rate. The closing value of savings on the balance sheet is one of the factors used by financial institutions before approving a business loan, so the type that gives the highest warehouse rate will be the best for the business.

When is it profitable to conduct a property valuation?

A company can evaluate its property at any time and on its own initiative. After all, sometimes it is beneficial. Let's say management decides to sell an asset. In such situations, in order not to miscalculate the price, you can hire an appraiser who will name the real value.

Or, say, you need to estimate the amount of damage from a fire. The insurance company may underestimate losses. Then the compensation will be less than the actual losses. Therefore, it is safer to ask an appraiser to determine the amount of damage. And with this amount go to the insurance company.

Goals of analyzing the state of accounting in an organization

The results of a well-performed analysis of the state of accounting

allows the business owner or company manager to obtain reliable and objective information about accounting and financial reporting in a short time. This information can be used as a basis for making management decisions.

Thus, the purpose of analyzing the state of accounting is:

• assessment of the state of reporting in a short time and through minimal checks;
• identifying errors in accounting, as well as risks associated with incorrect tax calculations;
• obtaining information on the basis of which it is possible to find ways to improve the efficiency of the accounting department.

As practice shows, regular procedures for analyzing the state of accounting

plays a big role in business management, as it allows you to keep business activities under control, avoiding various problems.

Accounting for costs of appraiser services

The amount that you paid to the specialist for assessing the property must be taken into account in expenses for ordinary activities (clause 5 of PBU 10/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated May 6, 1999 No. 33n). Reflect the costs on account 26 “General business expenses”:

DEBIT 26 CREDIT 60 - the debt for the services of the appraiser is reflected;

DEBIT 60 CREDIT 51 - payment was transferred to the appraiser under the contract.

If you hired a specialist to determine the value of an asset before selling it, then reflect the cost of services in accounting as part of other expenses associated with the sale of fixed assets. Do not write off expenses from account 26 until you sell the property.

And in tax accounting, the money spent on property valuation is classified as other expenses. The right to do this is given by subparagraph 40 of paragraph 1 of Article 264 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. In this case, focus on the day of signing the act of services provided (subclause 3, clause 7, article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). True, you need to take into account the specifics of each specific situation. It all depends on the reason why the property needed to be appraised. Let’s say you first wanted to sell the equipment and carried out an appraisal. And then the company’s management decided that it would be more profitable to leave the facility. Then you will take into account the costs of the appraiser’s services as non-operating expenses.

METHODS FOR ASSESSING ACCOUNTING OBJECTS

One of the elements of the accounting method (methods) is valuation. In general terms, valuation consists of the monetary measurement of property, liabilities and business transactions. At the same time, all business transactions in primary documents, consolidated registers and financial statements must be reflected in certain quantitative measures.

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 1 of the Law on Accounting, the property of organizations, their obligations and business transactions carried out by organizations in the course of their activities are recognized as objects of accounting.

Thus, the assessment of accounting objects is a way of expressing these objects in monetary terms. The use of this method ensures, first of all, the actual display of the data contained in the balance sheet and financial statements, and their comparability with the economic activities of the organization.

nization1.

To reflect business transactions in accounting, three types of meters are used:

• natural

, establishing the physical indicators of accounting objects in the corresponding units of mass, volume, length, area. Such accounting makes it possible to characterize ongoing processes quantitatively and qualitatively. However, the heterogeneity of the objects taken into account does not allow one to obtain a generalized idea of ​​the economic activity of the organization, therefore, along with this meter, others are also used;

• monetary

, giving a generalized description of the accounting objects under consideration. It allows you to combine various production costs, evaluate all types of funds and funds that enterprises have, etc.;

• labor

, measuring labor costs in units of working time (standard hours). With its help, production standards and load standards per worker are determined. In combination with monetary and natural meters, the labor meter allows you to calculate the wages of workers and employees, determine their production

duration of labor2.

The above meters are used in different combinations. Their application is determined by the type of accounting used by the organization.

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1 Kondrakov N. P.

Accounting: textbook. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Infra-M,

2008. P. 50.

2 Legal foundations of accounting and tax accounting, auditing in the Russian Federation: textbook. allowance. 2nd ed., revised. and additional / answer ed. E. A. Ashmarina. M.: Lawyer,

2006. P. 127.

nization. The assessment of property and liabilities is carried out in the organization with the obligatory reflection of these data in accounting and financial statements in monetary terms. Natural and labor measures are converted into monetary ones using indicators such as prices, tariff rates and official salaries. Consequently, the monetary measure is general; it reflects all the economic means that the organization has at its disposal.

Thus, to obtain general indicators, the property of organizations, the sources of its formation and business transactions to change them are assessed in monetary terms.

Currently, the question of the form of valuation of the property used has acquired great importance.

Thus, property valuation is carried out in the following order:

• purchased for a fee - carried out by summing up the actual expenses incurred for its purchase;

• property received free of charge - at the market value on the date of its recording;

• property produced in the organization itself - at the cost of its production (actual costs associated with production

vom of the property)1;

• property acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means - at the cost of assets alienated or subject to alienation by organizations.

Actual costs incurred include costs for the acquisition of the property itself, interest paid on a commercial loan provided upon acquisition, mark-ups (surcharges), commissions (cost of services) paid to supply, foreign economic and other organizations, customs duties and other payments, costs of transportation, storage and delivery carried out by third-party organizations (paragraph 3 of clause 23 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998

No. 34n “On approval of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation”2).

The current market value refers to the prices valid on the date of recording of property received free of charge for this or a similar type of property. Data on the current price must be confirmed by documents or by experts (paragraph 4, clause 23 of the Regulations on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation). When determining the market value, data on prices for similar products received in writing from the organization can also be used.

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1 SZ RF. 1996. No. 48. Art. 5369.

2 RG. Departmental application. 1998. No. 208.

manufacturers of these products or selling organizations; information on price levels available from state statistics bodies, trade inspectorates, and organizations; information on price levels published in the media and specialized literature; expert opinions on the cost of individual fixed assets.

The cost of production recognizes the actual costs incurred associated with the use of property, fixed assets, raw materials, materials, fuel, energy, labor resources and other costs for the manufacture of the property in the manufacturing process (paragraph 5, clause 23 of the Regulations on the management of accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation).

The cost of valuables transferred or to be transferred by the organization is established taking into account the price at which, under comparable circumstances, the organization determines the cost of similar valuables. If it is impossible to establish the value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an organization, the value of property received by the organization under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations in non-monetary means is established based on the cost at which similar items of property are acquired in comparable circumstances.

The use of other valuation methods, including through reserving, is permitted in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as regulations of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and bodies granted by federal laws the right to regulate accounting (paragraph 6, clause 23 of the Regulations - research on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation).

In international accounting practice, the prevailing trend is to reflect property at its market (current) value. The rules for assessing accounting objects in Russia have recently become more consistent with international standards. In addition to the above-mentioned Law on Accounting, there is also a special regulatory framework that regulates valuation issues in accounting, namely: the valuation rules are laid down in the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations”1, and the Accounting Regulations

“Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign

early currency" (PBU 3/2006), approved by order of the Ministry of Finance

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1 Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities.

2008. № 44.

Russia dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations”1.

In accordance with the above regulations, several principles for assessing accounting objects can be identified:

• continuity in the activities of the organization, which implies the expediency of using the method of assessing property at its original cost;

• consistency in the application of the organization's accounting policies, which means continuity of the organization's chosen methods for assessing accounting items by year;

• prudence - this principle directs the organization to evaluate finished products and inventories at their lowest cost;

• completeness of reflection in the accounting of the facts of economic activity - ensures the determination of the actual cost of production inventories and the cost of finished, shipped and sold products.

By virtue of clause 25 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, accounting of property, liabilities and business transactions is allowed to be carried out in amounts rounded to whole rubles. The resulting amount differences are attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in income (reduction of expenses) for a non-profit organization.

According to clause 24 of the Regulations on maintaining accounting and financial statements in the Russian Federation, accounting entries for the organization’s foreign currency accounts, as well as for transactions in foreign currency, are made in rubles in amounts determined by converting foreign currency at the Central Bank exchange rate Russian Federation, valid on the date of the transaction. At the same time, these entries are made in the currency of settlements and payments.

The procedure for assessing the value of property and liabilities of organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and budgetary institutions), expressed in foreign currency, is determined in the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 27, 2006 No. 154n “ On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for assets and liabilities, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency” (PBU

3/2006).

In accordance with PBU 3/2006, the concepts of “amount differences”

and “exchange differences” from January 1, 2007 are combined. Coursework

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1 RG. 2007. No. 25.

exchange rates now mean not only the previously used concept of exchange rate differences, but also the abolished concept of amount differences.

Foreign currency assets and liabilities are recalculated into rubles depending on the group they belong to.

The first group includes the cost of banknotes at the organization’s cash desk, funds in bank accounts, cash and payment documents, short-term securities, funds in settlements with legal entities and individuals, balances of targeted financing received from the budget or foreign sources within the framework of technical or other assistance to the Russian Federation in accordance with concluded agreements (contracts), expressed in foreign currency.

The assets of this group are converted into rubles twice:

• on the date of the transaction in foreign currency;

• as of the reporting date (date of report generation).

The date of a transaction in foreign currency is the day on which the organization has the right, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation or an agreement, to accept for accounting the assets and liabilities that are the result of this transaction.

The second group of assets includes, for example, investments in non-current assets, inventories1. Foreign currency assets of this group can be recalculated into rubles only on the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as a result of which these assets are accepted for accounting.

In a market economy, the assessment of fixed assets is of particular relevance, since an incorrect or inaccurate assessment can lead to incorrect calculation of depreciation, which will ultimately affect the distortion of the amounts of property tax due and lead to incorrect reflection in the accounting records. skom balance of the ratio of fixed and working capital.

In accordance with clause 4 of the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 30, 2001.

No. 26n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” (PBU 6/2001), when accepting assets for accounting as fixed assets, the following conditions must be simultaneously met:

• use of the facility in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, for the management needs of the organization or for provision by the organization for a fee for temporary possession and use or for temporary use;

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1 Kondrakov N. P.

Accounting: textbook. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M.: Infra-M,

2008. P. 362.

• use of the facility for a long time, i.e. a period of more than 12 months or the normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;

• the organization does not intend to subsequently resell this object;

• the ability of the object to bring economic benefits to the organization;

years (income) in the future1.

In Russian accounting practice, the following types of valuation of fixed assets are used:

1) at the original cost, which is prevailing and is determined for objects in the following order:

• manufactured by the organization itself and purchased for a fee from other enterprises or persons - taking into account the actual costs of reproducing or acquiring these objects, including the costs of their delivery, installation and installation;

• received from other organizations or persons free of charge, including

the number of unaccounted for objects - at their market value as of the date of their recording;

• contributed by the founders (shareholders) as contributions to the authorized capital (fund) - by agreement of the parties;

• acquired under contracts providing for performance

non-monetary obligations - at the cost of assets transferred by the organization. The value of these assets is determined based on the price at which, under comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the value of similar assets.

The actual costs for the acquisition, construction or production of fixed assets are summed up: from the amounts paid by the organization under the contract to the seller and under other agreements (for example, for information, consulting services, under a construction contract related to the acquisition of fixed assets ); from the amounts of customs duties and fees; from the amounts of non-refundable taxes and state duties paid in connection with the acquisition of fixed assets; from the amounts of remuneration of the intermediary organization with the help of which the fixed asset was acquired; from the amounts of other costs associated with the acquisition, production and bringing the fixed asset to a state of suitability for use. Actual costs will not include general business or other similar expenses, except when they are related to the acquisition of fixed assets;

2) at residual value, which is determined by subtracting the amount of depreciation of fixed assets from the original cost. Residual value is a constantly changing category -

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1 RG. 2001. May 16.

This is because the organization calculates depreciation on a monthly basis. In fact, over time, the initial cost of fixed assets deviates from the cost of similar fixed assets acquired in modern conditions. To eliminate these deviations, fixed assets should be periodically revalued and their replacement cost determined;

3) replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions. As a rule, the replacement cost changes under the influence of changes in prices for energy resources, freight carriers, etc.;

4) depreciable cost is the difference between the original cost of the object and the cost of returnable materials (revenue). Depreciation of fixed assets, as well as intangible assets, is calculated regardless of the results of the organization’s economic activities in the reporting period;

5) liquidation value, i.e. the cost of returnable materials received upon liquidation of a fixed asset item.

Assets in respect of which the conditions for classifying them as fixed assets are met, but having a value of no more than 20 thousand rubles. per unit, can be reflected in accounting and financial statements as part of inventories (paragraph 4, paragraph 5 of PBU 6/2001).

Goods include material assets purchased for sale.

Valuation of inventories is the most difficult work in accounting, the results of which determine the reality of balance sheet assets and the financial result of the organization’s activities.

Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual cost of inventories received by an organization under a gift agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories contributed to the contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed with the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate purchased goods at sales prices.

The actual cost of inventories during their production is determined by the organization itself based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories are carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization.

Currently, when materials are released into production or otherwise disposed of, they are assessed by the organization in one of the following ways:

1) at the cost of each unit. When using this method, two options for calculating the cost of a unit of inventory can be used:

• including all costs associated with the acquisition of stock;

• including only the cost of inventory at the contract price (simplified version). The use of a simplified version is allowed if it is not possible to directly attribute transportation, procurement and other costs associated with the acquisition of inventories to their cost (for example, with a centralized supply of materials). In this case, the difference between the actual costs of purchasing the material and its contract price is distributed in proportion to the cost of written-off (issued) materials, calculated in contract prices.

The assessment of materials supplied at the cost of each unit of stock should be used by the organization in the event that the stocks used cannot replace each other in the usual way or are subject to special accounting (precious metals, precious stones, radioactive substances, etc.);

2) according to the average cost, which is determined for each group (type) of inventories as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the group (type) of inventories by their quantity, consisting respectively of the cost and quantity for the balance at the beginning of the month and for incoming inventories in this month ;

3) according to the FIFO method (at the cost of the first materials acquired in time), the write-off (issue) of materials is carried out in an estimate calculated on the assumption that inventories are used within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt) , i.e., inventories that are the first to enter production (sale) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories listed

at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of materials in stock (in warehouse) at the end of the month is carried out at the actual cost of the most recent acquisition of materials, and the cost of goods sold, products, works, services takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions.

The application of one of the listed methods must be carried out during the reporting year and is reflected in the accounting policy of the organization.

There are also several sources of intangible assets coming into the organization, each of which is assessed in the following order:

• assets received free of charge are valued at market value on the date of acceptance for accounting;

• intangible assets that were received as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization - by agreement between the founders (participants);

• purchased externally - by summing up the actual expenses incurred for their purchase;

• and finally, assets created by the organization itself - at the cost of their production, including the actual costs of creation, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost, which is understood as the amount of the organization’s actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees). The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

• amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;

• amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets;

• fees paid to an intermediary organization or other person through which assets were acquired as financial investments, and other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.

The initial cost of financial investments is:

• contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization - monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization;

• received by the organization free of charge - the current market value on the date of acceptance for accounting, and for which

the organizer of trading on the securities market does not calculate the market price - in the amount of funds that can be received as a result of the sale of financial investments on the date of their acceptance for accounting;

• acquired under agreements providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means - the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization;

• contributed to the contribution of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement - the monetary value agreed upon by the partners in the simple partnership agreement.

Securities that do not belong to the organization by right of ownership, economic management or operational management, but are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.

The initial cost of financial investments at which they are accepted for accounting may change. For the purposes of subsequent assessment of financial investments, they are divided into two groups:

• investments for which the current market value can be determined. Such financial investments are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their valuation as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make this adjustment monthly or quarterly;

• investments for which the market value is not determined, such as contributions to the authorized capital of organizations, loans provided, assigned receivables, etc. These financial investments are subject to reflection in accounting and financial statements as of the reporting date at original cost.

In addition, for debt securities and loans provided, an organization can calculate their valuation at a discounted value, without making accounting entries. However, the organization should ensure that the calculation is reasonable.

Financial investments for which the current market value is determined are assessed at the time of disposal (redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, etc.) based on the latest assessment. When disposing of an asset accepted for accounting as a financial investment for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on an assessment determined in one of the following ways:

• at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments. This is the way to write off

contributions to the authorized (share) capitals of other organizations (except for shares of joint-stock companies), loans provided to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim;

• based on the average initial cost, the assessment is made for each type of securities as the quotient of dividing the initial cost of the type of securities by their quantity, consisting respectively of the initial cost and the amount of balance at the beginning of the month and securities received during a given month;

• assessment at the historical cost of the first financial investments acquired (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that securities are written off within a month or another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. securities, those written off first must be valued at the original cost of the securities of the first acquisitions, taking into account the original cost of the securities listed at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the valuation of securities in balance at the end of the month is made at the original cost of the most recent acquisitions, and the cost of securities sold takes into account the cost of earlier acquisitions.

Valued objects need to be summed up, grouped and linked, for which other elements of the accounting method are used, such as accounts and double entry.

How to justify valuation costs

First, your appraiser must be a specialist who is a member of one of the self-regulatory organizations of appraisers. To verify its status, you can contact Rosreestr. There you will be given an extract from the State Register of Self-Regulatory Organizations of Appraisers. If the appraiser is a member of this company, then the inspectors’ claims in this part are excluded. If the property is appraised by a specialist who is not a member of a self-regulatory organization, tax authorities may deduct the costs.

Secondly, it is necessary to confirm why the company engages an appraiser on its own initiative. The need for this can be justified by the benefits of the transaction. For example, so as not to make a mistake when selling an expensive asset or so that the tax authorities do not consider the value to be underestimated. After all, it is often difficult for an inexperienced specialist to assess the market value of an object, taking into account all its specific characteristics.

Thirdly, it is imperative to confirm the intention to complete a transaction with the appraised property if it does not take place. Let's say a company is planning to sell an asset and has hired an appraiser to determine its value. But in the end, management refused to sell. And the deal was cancelled. Even in this case, the company can take into account the costs of an appraiser's services when calculating income taxes. And to show inspectors that the organization intended to sell the property, stock up on documents.

Issue an order from the manager. Write in it that you need to consider the option of selling the property. Next, you can create a commission that will evaluate all the pros and cons. The final document will be an act in which it is stated that it is inappropriate to sell the property and it will be much more profitable to exploit it further.

Property valuation assignment

Even before you enter into an agreement with a specialist, you need to draw up an assessment task.

Firstly, the appraiser needs this document to understand what you want from him. And secondly, tax authorities will be able to compare the task with the specialist’s report and make sure that the company spent the money on what it really planned.

In the assignment, describe in detail the property that needs to be appraised, as well as the goals and timing of such a procedure. In addition, determine the type of value of the property - market, liquidation, etc. For example, the founder donated a car to the company. It must be taken into account at market value.

An independent appraiser will help you calculate it. Or another situation: the company is in bankruptcy proceedings. It is necessary to determine the liquidation value of the enterprise - it will definitely be lower than the market value.

But this is not all the required information. Clause 17 of the Federal Valuation Standard No. 1 (approved by order of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated July 20, 2007 No. 256) contains a list of the data that should be reflected in the assessment assignment. These include the object of assessment and property rights to it, the purpose of the assessment, etc. And in the future, when you finally decide on the appraiser, the terms of reference will be included as an appendix to the contract (see sample below).

in PDF format can be found here.

Agreement with the appraiser

Article 10 of the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 No. 135-FZ establishes a list of information that must be in the agreement with the appraiser. This:

• description of the subject of assessment;
• type of property value (method of valuation);
• the amount of monetary remuneration of the specialist;
• information on compulsory insurance of civil liability of the appraiser;
• the name of the self-regulatory organization of appraisers, of which the appraiser is a member, and the location of this organization;
• an indication of the valuation standards that the appraiser will use;
• the amount, procedure and grounds for additional liability of the appraiser or legal entity with which the appraiser has entered into an employment contract.

If you have entered into an agreement with a self-regulatory organization, then also check that the text of the agreement includes information about the specialist who will conduct the assessment.
By the way, the appraiser you contact will probably already have a template for such an agreement. Therefore, it is enough to check that it contains all the necessary information.

Accounting method and its elements

Referring to the norms of current regulations, the accounting method is understood as a special set of methods, rules and tools with the help of which an economic entity generates information about accounting objects and also draws up reliable reporting. In most cases, an accounting method is defined as a set of elements.

The elements of the accounting method include such concepts as:

1. Documentation is a reflection of the facts of the economic life of a subject in specific documents (primary, accounting, reporting).
2. Inventory - control over the compliance of actual indicators and accounting data.
3. Valuation is the determination of a specific type of cost (initial, actual, planned, etc.) for a specific accounting object or groups of objects.
4. Costing is the calculation of the total costs of creating or producing a unit of product (work, service).
5. Accounts, or chart of accounts, is a special object accounting system used to reflect business transactions.
6. Double entry is a special accounting method in which a transaction is recorded using two accounts. That is, the transaction amount is reflected simultaneously in the debit of one account and in the credit of another. We have already written more on this topic in the article “Double entry in accounting 2020”.
7. Balance sheet and reporting is the final stage of work, which allows you to generate data on the property and financial position of the organization.

Let's take a closer look at the key elements of the accounting method.

Appraiser's report and certificate of services rendered

The final document for property valuation is a specialist’s report. In it, the appraiser will indicate the value of the object. All parameters that should be in the report are specified in Article 11 of Federal Law No. 135-FZ. Here are a few important points to check. When you receive the document, make sure that it contains a link to the main agreement. Check the report date. And is the date indicated on which the assessment was carried out? The report itself must be bound and its sheets numbered. On the document, in addition to the signature, the appraiser will put either his personal seal or the stamp of the company with which he has an employment contract.

By the way, the report can also be compiled electronically. But it is safer for it to be signed with a qualified electronic signature. With an unqualified signature, tax authorities may recognize the report as an improper primary report (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 23, 2013 No. 03-03-06/1/24).

If in the report the specialist described in detail the result of the assessment, then there is no need to draw up a certificate of work performed. Of course, the report must contain all the required details for the primary report. Also make sure that the document contains the details of the appraiser and the cost of his services.

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09.17.2018 / Questions about assessment and examination / Leave a comment

Costing and evaluation

These accounting elements are interdependent and are almost always considered together. Valuation serves to assign the value of an object, expressed in monetary terms. When costing is defined as the ratio of the total costs incurred in the production process to the number of units of finished products produced.

The relationship between these indicators is determined by the fact that both concepts give a cost expression for the accounting object. Only in the first case the object is acquired as a result of production.